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Biology: Alex > Topic 7: Muscles And Joints > Flashcards

Topic 7: Muscles And Joints Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define joint

A

Structures at which two or more bones are held together

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2
Q

Define muscle

A

An effective which contacts to bring about movement

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3
Q

What is the only thing muscles can do?

A

Pull (contract), never push

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4
Q

Define tendons

A

Strip of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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5
Q

Describe the structure of tendons

A

Made of protein (collagen) fibres that are strong and flexible but do not stretch

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6
Q

Define ligaments

A

Strong strip of connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

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7
Q

Describe the structure of ligaments

A

Protein elastin to allow some stretching

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8
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

A pair of muscles that allows a joint to be moved back an forth

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9
Q

What is an extensor

A

A muscle that contracts to cause the extension of a joint

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10
Q

What is a flexor

A

A muscle that contracts to cause the flexion of a joint

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11
Q

What are moveable joints called

A

Synovial Joints

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12
Q

What are the 5 features of a synovial joint

A

1) Cartilage
2) fibrous capsule
3) synovial membrane
4) synovial fluid
5) ligament

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13
Q

Function of cartilage in synovial joints

A

On end of bone, acts a shock absorber and reduces friction between bones

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14
Q

Function of Fibrous capsule in synovial joints

A

Encloses joint and stops synovial fluid leaking

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15
Q

Function of synovial fluid

A

Lubricates joint

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16
Q

Function of Ligament

A

Joins bone to bone, holding in correct position

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17
Q

Describe the structure of an individual muscle

A

Made up of lots of MUSCLE FIBRES held together by CONNECTIVE TISSUE. They are grouped to fork bundles that group to form the muscle

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18
Q

What attaches skeletal muscles to bones

A

Connective tissue called tendons

19
Q

What type of muscles are used to move

A

Skeletal muscles

20
Q

What’s the cell membrane of a muscle fibre called?

A

Sarcolemma

21
Q

What is a muscle cells cytoplasm called

A

Sarcoplasm

22
Q

What is the name of the internal membranes that run through the sarcoplasm

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores and releases calcium ions, needed for muscle contraction

24
Q

What do muscle fibres have more of than normal body cells

A

Contain lots of mitochondria

25
Q

Why do muscle fibres have lots of mitochondria

A

To provide the ATP needed for muscle contraction

26
Q

What are myofibrils

A

Long, cylindrical organelles made up of proteins. Highly specialised for contraction

27
Q

Describe the structure of myofibrils

A

Contain bundles of thick and thin myofilaments that move past each other to make muscles contract

28
Q

Thick filaments are made of protein…

A

Myosin

29
Q

Thin filaments are made of protein…

A

Actin

30
Q

Dark bands are:

Light bands are:

A

Dark: thick myosin filaments with some overlapping thin actin (called A bands)

Light: thin actin filaments only
(I bands)

31
Q

What are the short units that make up a myofibril

A

Sarcomeres

32
Q

What are the Z lines

A

Ends of each sarcomere

33
Q

What is the M line

A

Middle of Myosin filaments

34
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Where there is ONLY myosin filaments

35
Q

What theory explains muscle contraction

A

Sliding filament theory

36
Q

Describe how a muscle contracts in terms of filaments

A

Myosin and actin filaments slide over each other to make sarcomeres contract- myofilaments themselves don’t contract and myosin and actin molecules stay the same length

37
Q

What gets shorter as the muscle contracts in terms of bands

A

H zone

I band

The scaromere

38
Q

What are skeletal muscles made up of

A

Large bundles of long cells (muscle fibres)

39
Q

What makes the muscle fibre contract

A

Simultaneous contraction of lots of sarcomeres means myofibrils contract

40
Q

What’s the binding site on actin filaments called?

A

Actin-myosin binding site

41
Q

Way do calcium ions do?

A

Active ATPase to brew down ATP for energy for muscle contraction and also breaking actin myosin cross bridge

42
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibres

A

Slow and fast twitch

43
Q

What’s the main differences between slow and fast twitch

A 
Slow: contract slowly 
Slow: used for posture so in back 
Slow: endurance > get tired 
Slow: airobic so lots of mitochondria and blood vessels > quick release through anaerobic using glycogen (few blood vessels or mitochondria 
Slow: red because lots of myglobin

Biology: Alex (44 decks)

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