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Biology: Alex > All- Proteins & DNA > Flashcards

All- Proteins & DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the monomers that make up proteins?

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

More than two amino acids joined together

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3
Q

What makes up proteins?

A

One or more polypeptide

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of an amino acid

A 
Carboxyl group
-
Amino group 
-
R group
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5
Q

By what sort of reaction are amino acids linked?

A

Condensation reaction

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6
Q

What bond is formed between amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

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7
Q

Describe primary structure

A

Number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

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8
Q

What type of bonds are involved in secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

What are the two types of secondary structure

A

Or fold into beta pleated sheet

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10
Q

Describe Tertiary structure

A

More bonds are formed

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11
Q

What type of bonds are involved in tertiary structure

A 
Ionic bonds
-
Disulphide bonds 
-
Hydrophobic interactions
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12
Q

For what type of proteins is the tertiary structure the final shape?

A

Proteins made of a single polypeptide chain

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13
Q

What kind of bonds hold together the primary structure

A

Peptide bonds

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14
Q

Describe quaternary structure

A

Way they assemble themselvs

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15
Q

Name 2 proteins that have quaternary structure

A

Collagen

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16
Q

What determines a proteins 3D structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids will determine what bonds are formed

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of 3D structure

A

Fibrous

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18
Q

Where are the hydrophilic heads in Globular proteins

A

Facing outside

Hydrophobic inside

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19
Q

Describe the structure of globular proteins

A

Multiple polypeptide chains

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20
Q

What is the result of the hydrophilic heads facing the outside for globular

A

Soluble in water so easily transported in fluids

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21
Q

Name a globular protein

A

Haemoglobin

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22
Q

Describe the structure of fibrous proteins

A

Tightly coiled into rope shape

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23
Q

What makes fibrous proteins strong?

A

Chains held together by lots of bonds

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24
Q

Because fibrous is strong where is it found?

A

Supportive tissue

Connective tissue

25
Q

Function of DNA

A

Store genetic information

26
Q

Main function of RNA

A

Transfer genetic material to ribosomes

27
Q

DNA and RNA are polymers of …

A

Nucleotides

28
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide

A 
Pentose sugar (5 C atoms)
-
Nitrogenous bass
-
Phosphate group
29
Q

Where is the variation in nucleotides?

A

The base

30
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA

A 
Adenine (A)
-
Thymine (T)
-
Cytosine (C)
-
Guanine (G)
31
Q

What’s the difference in possible based between RNA and DNA?

A

Uracil (U) replaces thymine

32
Q

What is a polynucleotide?

A

DNA and RNA

33
Q

How do DNA and RNA differ except for base and sugar?

A

RNA is a single strand

34
Q

Where do nucleotides bond to each other?

A

Condensation reaction

35
Q

How do polynucleotide strands join together in DNA

A

Hydrogen bonding between bases

36
Q

What’s the specific format of bonding called

A

Complementary base pairing

37
Q

What are the two bonding pairs

A

A-T

C-G

Means there’s always equal amounts of each complimentary nucleotide

38
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between each base

A

2 for A-T

3 for G-C

39
Q

How is the double helix formed?

A

Two anti-parallel polynucleotide strands twist

40
Q

Define a gene

A

A sequence of nucleotide bases that codes for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

41
Q

What codes for 1 amino acid

A

A triplet (3 based)

42
Q

Why must DNA by copied to RNA for protein synthesis (transcription)

A

DNA is too large to move out of the nucleus so a section is copied to mRNA

43
Q

How many commonly occurring amino acids are there?

A

20

44
Q

How many amino acids can plants/ animals make

A

Plants: all as long as suitable nitrogen
Animals: some and must obtain rest from diet

45
Q

What are the amino acids required from our diet called?

A

Essential amino acids

46
Q

What is the side chain of an amino acid also called

A

Residual (R) group

47
Q

Describe structure of an amino acid

A 
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Hydrogen 
R group 
-
All attached to a central carbon atom
48
Q

Chemical formula for amino acid

A 
H     O
           |      ||
H-N—C— C-OH
     |     |
    H    R
49
Q

Purpose of haemoglobin

A

Oxygen transport

50
Q

Purpose of enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reaction

51
Q

How would two amino acids be linked together?

A

A condensation reaction between amino group and carboxyl group to form a peptide bond

52
Q

Describe hydrogen bonds

A

Add molecular stability if occurs frequently

53
Q

Describe ionic bonds

A

Susceptible to changes in PH

54
Q

Deceive disulphide bonds

A

Strong bonds between amino acids which have sulphur in their R group

55
Q

What are surface membranes made of?

A

Phospholipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol

56
Q

What are the 3 components of a mononucliotide

A

Phosphate group
Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
Organic base

57
Q

How are nucleotides liked?

A

Condensation reaction forms phosphodiester bond between pentose sugar and phosphate group

58
Q

Describe how DNA is organised in a bacterial cell

A
  1. Large circular DNA
  2. Not associated with histone proteins
  3. Small plasmids
  4. Located in cytoplasm

Biology: Alex (44 decks)

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