All- Proteins & DNA

Question 1

What are the monomers that make up proteins?

Answer 1

Amino acids

Question 2

What is a polypeptide

Answer 2

More than two amino acids joined together

Question 3

What makes up proteins?

Answer 3

One or more polypeptide

Question 4

What are the 3 parts of an amino acid

Answer 4

Carboxyl group
-
Amino group 
-
R group

Question 5

By what sort of reaction are amino acids linked?

Answer 5

Condensation reaction

Question 6

What bond is formed between amino acids?

Answer 6

Peptide bond

Question 7

Describe primary structure

Answer 7

Number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 8

What type of bonds are involved in secondary structure?

Answer 8

Hydrogen bonds

Question 9

What are the two types of secondary structure

Answer 9

Or fold into beta pleated sheet

Question 10

Describe Tertiary structure

Answer 10

More bonds are formed

Question 11

What type of bonds are involved in tertiary structure

Answer 11

Ionic bonds
-
Disulphide bonds 
-
Hydrophobic interactions

Question 12

For what type of proteins is the tertiary structure the final shape?

Answer 12

Proteins made of a single polypeptide chain

Question 13

What kind of bonds hold together the primary structure

Answer 13

Peptide bonds

Question 14

Describe quaternary structure

Answer 14

Way they assemble themselvs

Question 15

Name 2 proteins that have quaternary structure

Answer 15

Collagen

Question 16

What determines a proteins 3D structure?

Answer 16

Sequence of amino acids will determine what bonds are formed

Question 17

What are the 2 types of 3D structure

Answer 17

Fibrous

Question 18

Where are the hydrophilic heads in Globular proteins

Answer 18

Facing outside

Hydrophobic inside

Question 19

Describe the structure of globular proteins

Answer 19

Multiple polypeptide chains

Question 20

What is the result of the hydrophilic heads facing the outside for globular

Answer 20

Soluble in water so easily transported in fluids

Question 21

Name a globular protein

Answer 21

Haemoglobin

Question 22

Describe the structure of fibrous proteins

Answer 22

Tightly coiled into rope shape

Question 23

What makes fibrous proteins strong?

Answer 23

Chains held together by lots of bonds

Question 24

Because fibrous is strong where is it found?

Answer 24

Supportive tissue

Connective tissue

Question 25

Function of DNA

Answer 25

Store genetic information

Question 26

Main function of RNA

Answer 26

Transfer genetic material to ribosomes

Question 27

DNA and RNA are polymers of ...

Answer 27

Nucleotides

Question 28

3 parts of a nucleotide

Answer 28

``` Pentose sugar (5 C atoms) - Nitrogenous bass - Phosphate group ```

Question 29

Where is the variation in nucleotides?

Answer 29

The base

Question 30

What are the 4 bases of DNA

Answer 30

``` Adenine (A) - Thymine (T) - Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G) ```

Question 31

What’s the difference in possible based between RNA and DNA?

Answer 31

Uracil (U) replaces thymine

Question 32

What is a polynucleotide?

Answer 32

Polymer of nucleotides - DNA and RNA

Question 33

How do DNA and RNA differ except for base and sugar?

Answer 33

DNA is 2 polynucleotide strands joined in a helix - RNA is a single strand

Question 34

Where do nucleotides bond to each other?

Answer 34

Sugar- phosphate - Condensation reaction

Question 35

How do polynucleotide strands join together in DNA

Answer 35

Hydrogen bonding between bases

Question 36

What’s the specific format of bonding called

Answer 36

Complementary base pairing

Question 37

What are the two bonding pairs

Answer 37

A-T C-G Means there’s always equal amounts of each complimentary nucleotide

Question 38

How many hydrogen bonds form between each base

Answer 38

2 for A-T 3 for G-C

Question 39

How is the double helix formed?

Answer 39

Two anti-parallel polynucleotide strands twist

Question 40

Define a gene

Answer 40

A sequence of nucleotide bases that codes for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

Question 41

What codes for 1 amino acid

Answer 41

A triplet (3 based)

Question 42

Why must DNA by copied to RNA for protein synthesis (transcription)

Answer 42

DNA is found in the nucleus but ribosomes are in cytoplasm - DNA is too large to move out of the nucleus so a section is copied to mRNA

Question 43

How many commonly occurring amino acids are there?

Answer 43

20

Question 44

How many amino acids can plants/ animals make

Answer 44

Plants: all as long as suitable nitrogen Animals: some and must obtain rest from diet

Question 45

What are the amino acids required from our diet called?

Answer 45

Essential amino acids

Question 46

What is the side chain of an amino acid also called

Answer 46

Residual (R) group

Question 47

Describe structure of an amino acid

Answer 47

``` Amino group Carboxyl group Hydrogen R group - All attached to a central carbon atom ```

Question 48

Chemical formula for amino acid

Answer 48

``` H O | || H-N—C— C-OH | | H R ```

Question 49

Purpose of haemoglobin

Answer 49

Oxygen transport

Question 50

Purpose of enzymes

Answer 50

Speed up chemical reaction

Question 51

How would two amino acids be linked together?

Answer 51

A condensation reaction between amino group and carboxyl group to form a peptide bond

Question 52

Describe hydrogen bonds

Answer 52

Weak bond - Add molecular stability if occurs frequently

Question 53

Describe ionic bonds

Answer 53

Susceptible to changes in PH

Question 54

Deceive disulphide bonds

Answer 54

Strong bonds between amino acids which have sulphur in their R group

Question 55

What are surface membranes made of?

Answer 55

Phospholipids Proteins Carbohydrates Cholesterol

Question 56

What are the 3 components of a mononucliotide

Answer 56

Phosphate group Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Organic base

Question 57

How are nucleotides liked?

Answer 57

Condensation reaction forms phosphodiester bond between pentose sugar and phosphate group

Question 58

Describe how DNA is organised in a bacterial cell

Answer 58

1. Large circular DNA 2. Not associated with histone proteins 3. Small plasmids 4. Located in cytoplasm