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Biology: Alex > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Adding a phosphate to a molecule

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2
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule using light

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3
Q

Photolysis

A

Splitting of a molecule using light energy

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4
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Splitting of a molecule using water

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5
Q

Redox reaction

A

Reactions that involve oxidation and reduction

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6
Q

Reduced

A

Gain hydrogen

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7
Q

Oxidation

A

Lost hydrogen

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8
Q

What enzyme catalyses the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

A

ATP synthase

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9
Q

What enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi

A

ATPase

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10
Q

What will affect the rate of photosynthesis and why

A

Because photosynthesis is an enzyme controlled reaction

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11
Q

Define coenzyme

A

They work by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another

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12
Q

Describe chloroplasts

A

Flattened organelles found in plant cells

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13
Q

What is a double membrane called

A

Chloroplast envelope

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14
Q

Function or chloroplast envelope

A

Keeps the reactants for photosynthesis close to their reaction site

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15
Q

Describe thylakoids

A

Fluid filled sacs with as large SA to absorb as much light energy as possible

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16
Q

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

Grana

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17
Q

What are grana linked together by

A

Bits of thylakoid membrane called lamellae

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18
Q

What enzyme is there lots of in the thylakoid membrane

A

ATP synthase, to produce ATP in light-dependant reaction

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19
Q

Describe the function of photosynthetic pigments

A

Coloured substances that absorb the light energy needed for photosynthesis

20
Q

Name 3 photosynthetic pigments

A 
Chlorophyll A
-
Chlorophyll B
-
Carotene
21
Q

Where are photosynthetic pigments and what are they attached to?

A

Found in the thylakoid membrane attached to proteins

22
Q

Define a photo system

A

The protein and attached pigment, used to capture light energy

23
Q

Where is the stroma

A

Within the inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids

24
Q

What is the function is stroma

A

Contains enzymes, sugars and organic acids required for the light-independent reaction to take place

25
Q

What do oil droplets store?

A

Non-carbohydrate organic material

26
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

A
  1. The light-dependant reaction

2. The light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle)

27
Q

Where does the light-dependant reaction take place

A

In the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

28
Q

Sum up the light-dependant reaction

A

Light energy is absorbed by the photosynthetic pigments in the photosystem and converted to chemical energy

29
Q

What is the light energy used for in the Light-independence reaction

A

And to reduce NAPD to reduced NADP

30
Q

What a the role of the ATP and reduced NADP produced by the light-dependant reaction

A 
ATP transfers energy 
-
reduced NADP transfers hydrogen to the l
-
To the light independent reaction
31
Q

What happens to H2O during the light-dependant reaction

A

It is oxidised to 02

32
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place

A

In the stroma of the chloroplasts

33
Q

What 3 things is the light energy absorbed by photosystems for

A

1) photophosphorylation
2) reducing NADP
3) photolysis

34
Q

Describe photolysis

A

Splitting water into protons, electrons and oxygen

35
Q

What links the photosystems in the thylakoid membrane

A

Electron carries

36
Q

What are electron carriers

A

Proteins that transfer electrons

37
Q

What an electron transfer chain

A

Photosystems and electron carries: a chain of proteins through which excited electrons flow

38
Q

What are the 3 products of the light dependant reaction

A
  1. ATP
  2. reduced NADP
  3. O2 (waste)
39
Q

Deceive cyclic photophosphorylation

A
  1. Only uses PS1
  2. Electrons are not passed onto NADP but passed back into PS1 via electron carriers
  3. Only produces ATP
40
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place

A

Stroma of chloroplasts

41
Q

What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle

A

Fix carbon in organic molecules

42
Q

Describe stage 1 of Calvin cycle

A
  1. Co2 enters leaf through stomata and diffuses into stroma
  2. Combined with RuBP (catalysed by RUBISCO
  3. Gives unstable 6-carbon compound that breaks down into 2 3-carbon molecules called GP
43
Q

Describe stage 2 of Calvin cycle

A
  1. ATP and H+ ions (from Reduced NADP) turn GP into GALP
  2. reduced NADP recycled into NADP
  3. Some GALP converted into organic compounds and some continues to regenerate RuBP
44
Q

How many molecules of GALP needed to make a hexose sugar

A

2, GALP is a 3c molecule

45
Q

What is 5/6 molecules of GALP used for?

A

Regenerating RuBP

46
Q

What is any remaining ATP used for in Calvin cycle

A

Regenerating RuBP

47
Q

What can GALP And GP be used for?

A
  1. Carbohydrates (GALP)
  2. Lipids (GALP and GP)
  3. Amino acids (GP)
  4. Nucleus acids (GALP)

Biology: Alex (44 decks)

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