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Biology: Alex > Topic 1- Risk Of CVD > Flashcards

Topic 1- Risk Of CVD Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of risk

A

Probability of occurrence of some unwanted event or outcome

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2
Q

What must be quoted when when measuring risk

A

Period of time for the risk

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3
Q

Define a positive correlation

A

When an increase in x is accompanied by an increase in y

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4
Q

Define a negative correlation

A

When the values of one variable decreases while the other increased

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5
Q

Define causation

A

When two variables are causally linked: a change in one is responsible for a change in the other

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6
Q

Define correlation

A

A change in x is reflected by a change in y

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7
Q

What is a cohort study

A

Risk factors they are exposed to can be identified

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8
Q

3 features of a good study

A 
Representative sample 
-
Reliable methods (control variables)
-
Conflicting evidence
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9
Q

What are the unavoidable risk factors of developing atherosclerosis/ stroke

A 
Increasing age 
-
Gender 
-
Genetics
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10
Q

What are the avoidable risk factors

A 
Smoking tobacco 
-
High blood pressure
-
Diet
-
Inactivity
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11
Q

What ages are more vulnerable

A

Older people (65+)

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12
Q

Which gender is more at risk

A

Men (also affected earlier)

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13
Q

What would increase genetic variability

A

Increased risk of present in close family

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14
Q

How does high blood pressure increase risk?

A

More strain on heart/ blood vessels

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15
Q

How can diet increase risk

A

High cholesterol diet / saturated fats

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16
Q

How can inactivity increase risk

A

Exercise reduces blood cholesterol level

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17
Q

Is blood pressure in permanently higher than normal it is known as

A

Hypertension

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18
Q

How can hypertension lead to a higher blood pressure still

A

Mussel layer thickens, this narrows the lumen, increasing blood pressure

19
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure

A

Sphygmomanometer

20
Q

What can cause hypertension

A 
Stress
-
Obesity 
-
Alcohol 
-
Smoking
21
Q

What are anti-hypertensives?

A

Reduce high blood pressure

22
Q

Name a anti-hypertensive

A

Rescues strength of heartbeat

23
Q

Name 3 side effects of anti-hypertensives

A 
Heart palpitations 
-
Fainting 
-
Headaches
24
Q

What drug is used to reduce blood cholesterol

A

Statins

25
Q

What are statins effective at

A

Reduce risk of CVD

26
Q

3 side effects of statins

A 
Increased risk of diabetes 
-
Headaches
-
Digestive problems
27
Q

What are anticoagulants used for?

A

Reducing the formation of blood clots

28
Q

Name an anticoagulant

A

Warfarin

29
Q

What are anticoagulants effective at

A

Prevent NEW blood clots from forming

30
Q

Risk of anticoagulants

A

Fainting

31
Q

What other drug also rescues the formation of blood clots

A

Platelet inhibitory drugs

32
Q

How do platelet inhibitory drugs work?

A

Prevent platelets clumping together

33
Q

Describe ‘energy budget’

A

Amount of energy taken in and amount used up

34
Q

How can an imbalance in energy budget cause obesity

A

If Intake is higher than output, excess energy will be turned to fat reserves

35
Q

What is a lipoprotein?

A

Cholesterol attached to a protein

36
Q

Why does the body make lipoproteins?

A

Cholesterol needs to be attached to a protein to move about

37
Q

Describe high density lipoproteins

A

Transport cholesterol from body tissue to liver where it is recycled or excreted
-
Function is to reduce total blood cholesterol when too high

38
Q

Describe low density lipoproteins

A

Transport cholesterol from liver to blood
-
Function is to increase total blood cholesterol when too low

39
Q

What has been linked to an increase risk of CVD?

A

High LDL level

40
Q

How would an increased total blood cholesterol level increase risk of CVD?

A

Increase atheroma formation

41
Q

Where are saturated lipids mainly found?

A

Animal fats

42
Q

Where are unsaturated lipids mostly found?

A

Plants

43
Q

Where is the difference found between lipid types

A

Hydrocarbon tail

Biology: Alex (44 decks)

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