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Biology: Alex > Tipic 4 and evolution > Flashcards

Tipic 4 and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Define biodiversity

A

Variety of living organisms in an area. Includes

  1. Species diversity
  2. Genetic diversity
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2
Q

Define species diversity

A

Number of different species + abundance in area

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3
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

Variation of alleles in a gene pool

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4
Q

Endemism

A

Species unique to single place

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5
Q

What increases biodiversity

A

Natural selection leading to adaptation then evolution

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6
Q

What decreases biodiversity

A

Human activity such as deforestation and farming

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7
Q

Purpose of conservation?

A

Help maintain biodiversity (especially those vulnerable to extinction)

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8
Q

Why is it useful to be able to measure species diversity

A

Compare different habitats

See how a habitat has changed over time

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9
Q

Define species richness

A

No indication of abundance

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10
Q

How can species diversity be measured?

A

Number of dif + abundance then use index of diversity equation

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11
Q

How can you avoid bias when sampling

A

random sample.

Divide area into a grid then use random number generator To select co-ordinates

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12
Q

Sum up taking an sample (6 steps)

A
  1. Chose sample area
  2. Random sample
  3. Count number of dif species and abundance
  4. Repeat
  5. Use results to estimate species richness
  6. When sampling different habitats and comparing them, use same sampling technique
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13
Q

Define gene pool

A

Complete set of alleles in a population

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14
Q

How can diversity within a species be measured

A

Looking at genetic diversity within a gene pool

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15
Q

What two ways are there of measuring genetic diversity

A
  1. Phenotype

2. Genotype

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16
Q

Describe phenotype for genetic diversity

A
  1. Observeable characteristics of an organism
  2. Different alleles code for different versions of characteristic
  3. By looking at phenotype of population, get an idea of diversity of alleles
  4. Larger number of phenotypes = greater genetic diversity
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17
Q

How can genotype be looked at for genetic diversity

A
  1. Sample of DNA base sequence analysed
  2. The order of bases in different alleles is slightly different
  3. By sequencing the DNA of individuals of same species can see similarities and differences.
  4. The larger number of alleles the greater the genetic diversity
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18
Q

What does the Heteizygotisy index measure?

A

Genetic diversity

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19
Q

Heterozygosity formula?

A

Number of heterozygotes
————-
Number of individuals in pop

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20
Q

What is the index of diversity

A

Way of measuring species diversity taking both species richness and abundance into account

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21
Q

What’s the formula for index of diversity

A

N(N-1)
———
(Sum of) n(n-1)

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22
Q

What does D,N and n represent in index of diversity

A 
D= index of diversity 
N= total number of organisms of all species 
n= total number of organisms of one species
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23
Q

Define a Niche

A

Role of a species within its habitat, inc interactions with living/ non living factors

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24
Q

Why can a Niche only be occupied by one species

A

Two species will compete for resources until one is left

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25
Q

Define an adaptation

A

Feature that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction

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26
Q

Define physiological adaptations

A

Processes inside an organism that increases chance of survival

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27
Q

Define behavioural adaptations

A

The way an organism behaves

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28
Q

Define anatomical adaptations

A

Structural features of an organism that increased chance of survival

29
Q

What creates a struggle for survival

A

Selection pressure such as predatation or disease

30
Q

Why is it an advantageous mutation is likely to be passed on?

A

New allele gives helpful characteristic that increases chance of survival under selection pressure. More likely to pass on allele to offspring

31
Q

Define species

A

A group of similar organisms that can reproduce to give fertile offspring

32
Q

What is the development of a new species called?

A

Speciation

33
Q

How does speciation occur?

A

When populations of same species become reproductively isolated
OR
random mutations introduce new alleles that prevents breeding

34
Q

What are 3 ways a change in phenotype can prevent 2 populations breeding?

A

Seasonal changes
Mechanical changes
Behavioural changes

35
Q

How is it the number of individuals with an advantageous allele increases

A
  1. Mutation gives characteristic that helps survive against selection pressure
  2. Individuals without it die so less competition for resources
  3. Better adapted will pass on their alleles to offspring
36
Q

Explains how geographical isolation can lead to speciation

A
  1. Physical barrier divides population
  2. Conditions on either side will be slightly different
  3. Different selection pressures will promote different alleles
  4. Over time will become genetically distinct, won’t be able to produce fertile offspring (reproductively isolated)
37
Q

Define allele frequency

A

How often an allele occurs in a population

38
Q

What is the hardy-Weinberg principle for?

A

Calculating allele frequency, used to see if the population is changing over time

39
Q

What is an assumption the hardy-wienbrug principle makes

A

This is only true if it’s a large pop, with no immigration/emigration/mutations or natural selection
-
Also needs to be random mating

40
Q

How do you work out the frequency of one allele with knowledge of the other

A

p+q = 1

41
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equation

A

2 2

P + 2pq + q = 1

42
Q

What does each bit mean in hardweinbeuh principle

A 
P = dominant allele 
q = recessive allele 
P*2 = homozygous dominant genotype 
2pq = heterozygous genotype 
q*2 = homozygous recessive
43
Q

What is taxonomy

A
  1. Science of classification

2. Naming and organising organisms into groups based of similarities

44
Q

What are the 8 (taxonomic) levels used in classification

A
  1. Dutch (Domain)
  2. King (kingdom)
  3. Phyl (phylum)
  4. Calls (class)
  5. Our (order)
  6. Family
  7. Genetically (genus)
  8. Special (species)
45
Q

Describe early classification

A
  1. Based only off observable phenotype

2. Animals may look related but really aren’t

46
Q

What is thee main way eagerly enters an ecosystem

A

Photosynthesis converts sunlight energy into a fork that can be used by other animals

47
Q

Define producers

A

Organisms that produce organic molecules using sunlight energy

48
Q

What do producers store energy as

A

Biomass, so energy transfers transfers are really biomass transfers

49
Q

How is energy transferred through an ecosystem

A

When producers are eaten by organisms called primary consumers and so on

50
Q

How much total available energy is passed on to next trophic level?

A

10%

51
Q

Why is only 40% of available energy taken in by plants?

A
  1. Not all sunlight hits leaves
  2. Wrong wavelength
  3. Reflected
  4. Missed chloroplast and goes through leaves
  5. Some parts of plants cannot photosynthesise
52
Q

Why is not all biomass taken in by consumers

A
  1. Roots and bones are not eaten
  2. Passed to decomposers
  3. Some parts indigestible so come out as waste to decomposers
53
Q

What is the amount of energy absorbed called

A

Gross productivity

54
Q

What is respiratory loss

A

75% of GP is lost to environment when energy used for respiration for movement or heat

55
Q

What is net productivity

A

Total energy that becomes biomass (stored or used for growth)

56
Q

How much available energy is never taken in by organisms

A

60%

57
Q

How much of total/ gp energy is lost to environment

A

Total: 30%
GP: 75%

58
Q

What is NP

A

Biomass, energy available to next tophic level

59
Q

How is NP calculated

A

NP = GP - respiratory loss

60
Q

What is NP and GP when talking about producers

A

Net primary productivity

Gross primary productivity

61
Q

What’s the equation for primary productivity

A

NPP = GPP - plant respiration

62
Q

How can energy transfer between tophic levels be measured

A

Calculate difference between NP at each level

63
Q

How can you calculate amount of energy at a tophic level

A

Weigh mass at regular intervals until weight consistent (all water removed)

64
Q

Once dry mass obtained the what?

A

Multiply result from sample by size of population to give total energy at tropic level

65
Q

What is the problem with dry mass method to work out energy transfer

A
  1. Consumers might take in energy from other sources
  2. Difference between figures won’t be an accurate estimate of energy transfer
  3. Would have to include all organisms at all tropic levels
66
Q

What is genomics

A
  1. Uses DNA technoboly to determine base sequence of organisms genome and function of its genes
  2. Allows comparisons to be made
67
Q

Outline divergent trees

A
  1. Organisms evolved from common ancestor
  2. Closer related diverged more recently
  3. More similar DNA
68
Q

What is proteomics

A
  1. Study of proteins shape, size and amino acid sequence
  2. Sequence of amino acids coded by DNA sequence
  3. Related organisms have similar DNA sequences so silimar amino acid sequence

Biology: Alex (44 decks)

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