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Biology: Alex > Pre-release > Flashcards

Pre-release Flashcards

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1
Q

In vivo

A

Studying the effects of things on living organism (animal models) rather than tissue extract

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2
Q

In vitro

A

Studying cells or biological molecules outside their usual biological context

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3
Q

Define tissue

A

Example: xylem tissue

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4
Q

Define organ

A

Example: lungs

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5
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells useful in research

A
  1. Can specialise into any tissue type
  2. Regenerate lost tissue
  3. Effects of disease can be studied on tissue without ethical implications of using a living organism
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6
Q

Where are totipotent stem cells found

A

Only present in first few cell divisions of an embryo. After this they become pluripotent

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7
Q

Evaluate ethics of using animal models

A
  1. Important research that could save human lives
  2. Simple nervous system so don’t experience pain like we do
  3. Annoy give consent and are subject to painful procedures
  4. Immoral to cause distress to any living organism
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8
Q

Define a gene

A

A sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA that codes for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

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9
Q

Animal lines

A

Series of offspring in the same family that specifically carry a trait

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10
Q

Define ‘gene is expressed’

A

Made proteins from it

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11
Q

Very basically how do stem cells specialise

A

Different genes in DNA are activated and become expressed

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12
Q

5 step process of specialisation

A
  1. Cell contain same genes but not all are active/ expressed
  2. Under correct conditions some are activated/ inactivated
  3. mRNA only transcribes active genes, then translated into proteins
  4. Proteins modify cell structure and control cell processes
  5. Changes caused by proteins cause sell to specialise. Hard to reverse
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13
Q

How are genes activated/ inactivated

A
  1. Gene expression controlled by altering rate of transcription of genes
  2. Controlled by transcription factors
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14
Q

What are transcription factors

A
  1. Molecules or proteins that must be preset for mRNA to bind
  2. Bind to DNA at promoter region of a gene
  3. Activators help mRNA bind whereas represents prevent this
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15
Q

Where do the transcripts factors bind to?

A

Eukaryotes: DNA site called promoter region near start of target gene
Prokaryotes: operons

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16
Q

Define pluripotent

A

Ability to specialise into any cells except extra embryonic cells

17
Q

What is premature exhaustion of cells

A

Early loss of cell function. Differentiated

18
Q

Define tissue culture is

A

Growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium, derived from living tissue but separate to the organism

19
Q

Cell fate specification

A

Controlling what cell specialised into using gene switches

20
Q

What are germ layers

A
  1. 3D structure that would develop into the cardiac muscle that forms the heart
21
Q

How do viruses infect cells and reproduce

A
  1. Enters bloodstream through sex or damaged tissues
  2. Attaches to receptor molecule on host cell
  3. Inserts viral RNA/DNA into cell
  4. Reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA template
  5. DNA inserted into human DNA
  6. Makes viral proteins
22
Q

How does a virus become an international medical emergency

A

Declared by world health organisation

23
Q

What is microcephaly

A

Smaller brain and head size

24
Q

What is the order of Harvard referencing

A
  1. Last name,
  2. First initial.
  3. (Year published).
  4. Title. (In italics)
  5. City: publisher, page(s)
25
Q

How might a virus cause Microcephaly

A

Target the growing brain of the foetus

26
Q

What is an induced pluripotent stem cell

A

From specialise adult cell to pluripotent.

Done by introducing genes for transcription factors

27
Q

How can organoids be used in regenerative medicine

A

Generating iPSCs using a patients own cellular matieral, they can be guided towards a type of organ to be transplanted

28
Q

Ethical issues when using vertebrates

A
  1. They feel pain due to developed NS
  2. Are unable to give consent
  3. For the greater good to prevent human suffering
29
Q

How are cells guided to cell fates

A
  1. Activation of master genes in embryo
  2. Codes of signal proteins or transcription factors which bind to promoter
  3. Allows RNA polymerase to bind and this transcribe cell specific mRNA U
30
Q

How can retinoinic acid in ESC lead to neural tissue

A
  1. Acid binds to receptor on cell membrane
  2. Activate secondary signalling mechanism leading to activation of transcription factor
  3. Binds to promotors region of neural gene
  4. mRNA of neural gene transcribed
31
Q

How can contamination of cultures be reduced

A
  1. Aseptic techniques such as washing hands and sterile equipment
  2. Using anti-biotics in culture to prevent pathogen growth
32
Q

How can differntatied cells form self-organised tissue

A
  1. Different cells express specific adhesion molecule on CSM

2. Allows binding of cells with molecule to form tissue

33
Q

How can virus (Zika) infect and kill neural cells

A
  1. Virus surface protein attaches to receptor on neural cells
  2. Insert RNA or DNA into cell DNA
  3. Replication of viral proteins
  4. Virus splits cell by taking membrane
34
Q

Why would a patients own cellular material avoid tissue rejection

A
  1. Cells derived from patient would have self-antigens

2. Would not trigger immune system

35
Q

3 arguments for use of ESCs in research

A
  1. Unused embryos destroyed anyway
  2. Does not feel pain and is not alive
  3. Research could lead to new treatments which would benefit many
36
Q

4 arguments against ESCs

A
  1. Religious view that life starts at fertilisation
  2. Comparable with murder
  3. Couples pressured to give up embryos
  4. May be taken without consent
37
Q

How can findings be communicated to public

A
  1. Journals
  2. Newspaper articles
  3. Conferences
38
Q

How is research scrutinised before published

A
  1. Peer review

2. To asses valdidity of methods and research

Biology: Alex (44 decks)

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