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Biology: Alex > All - Biological molecules > Flashcards

All - Biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define a polymer

A

Large molecule of small repeating units

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2
Q

What are the individual units that make up a polymer?

A

Monomers

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3
Q

What is the process of linking monomers to form a polymer

A

Polymerisation

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4
Q

What chemical process joins monomers together?

A

Condensation reaction

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5
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction

A

Removal of a water molecule

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6
Q

How can polymers be broken back down to monomers

A

Addition of a water molecule (hydrolysis)

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7
Q

The 3 types of carbohydrate?

A 
Monosaccharides 
-
Disaccharides 
-
Polysaccharides
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8
Q

What type of carbohydrate are monomers?

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

A 
Glucose 
-
Fructose 
-
Galactose
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10
Q

What type of sugar are the monosaccharides

A

Hexose sugars

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11
Q

What is formed when two monosaccharides are linked together

A

Disaccharides

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12
Q

What are the 3 disaccharides and what are the monosaccharides that make them up

A 
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
-
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
-
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
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13
Q

Which type of carbohydrates are sweet and soluble?

A

Monosaccharides

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14
Q

What do many monosaccharides linked together form?

A

Polysaccharides

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15
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides

A 
Starch 
-
Cellulose 
-
Glycogen
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16
Q

How do polysaccharides differ to mono and disaccharides?

A

Not sweet and are insoluble in water

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17
Q

Why are diabetics advised to eat poly and disaccharides?

A

Means slow uptake of sugar into blood

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18
Q

What is the function of starch and glycogen in cells?

A

Storage molecules

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19
Q

Two features of both starch and glycogen that make them suited for storage molecules

A

Insoluble in water so not lost from cell by diffusion (do not affect osmosis)

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20
Q

Starch is…

A

The storage carbohydrate in plants

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21
Q

What are the two molecules that make up starch?

A

Amylopectin (70-80%)

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22
Q

4 structure of amylose

A

1) coiled
2) no side branches
3) shorter in length than cellulose
4) 1, 4 glycosidic bond between glucose molecules

23
Q

3 structure of amylopectin

A

1) has side branches to chain (easily accessed/ hydrolysed)
2) 1,4 glycosidic bond (1,6 for side branches)
3) not coiled (straight chain)

24
Q

Glycogen is…

A

The storage carbohydrate in animals, Bactria and fungi

25
Q

4 structure of glycogen

A

1) compact
2) made up of glucose molecules
3) chains have side branches
4) 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

26
Q

Cellulose is…

A

Main constituent of cell walls in plants

27
Q

Structure of cellulose (5)

A

1) longer than starch
2) chains are straight
3) no side branches
4) made up of glucose molecules
5) 1,4 glycosidic bonding

28
Q

Two differences between starch and cellulose

A

Starch chains much shorter (200-500 alpha glucose long) than cellulose (10,000 beta glucose long)

29
Q

What elements do lipids and carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

30
Q

What elements are in an organic molecule

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

31
Q

What are the two subgroups of lipids?

A

Oils (liquid at room temperature)

32
Q

Triglycerides are…

A

Energy stores in plants and humans

33
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

Condensation reaction between glycerol and fatty acids

34
Q

What sort of bonds are formed in a triglyceride

A

Ester bonds

35
Q

Two types of fatty acids and their difference

A

Unsaturated fatty acid: contains one or more carbon double bond (mono or poly unsaturated), kinked

36
Q

What is the result of having a linked hydro-carbon chain in unsaturated

A 
Link prevents packing closely together
-
Weaker intermolecular bonds
-
Results in oils that are liquid at room temp
37
Q

Are lipids insoluble

A

All lipids are insoluble

38
Q

What makes water a polar molecule

A

Unevenly distributed charge

39
Q

Why is water a food transport medium

A

Polar nature means chemicals dissolve easily in it, allowing them to be transported

40
Q

Why does water have a high specific heat capacity

A

Large amount of energy required to break hydrogen bonds

41
Q

What is specific eat capacity

A

Amount of energy in joules required to raise temp of 1cm3 by 1 degrees C

42
Q

What are the two main functions of water

A
  • It is a solvent

- water transports substances

43
Q

What is the bond between positive H atoms and negative O atoms

A

Hydrogen bond

44
Q

How does glucoses structure relate to its function

A

It’s chemical bonds contain a lot of energy

45
Q

What type of bond holds monomers together in a polysaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bonds

46
Q

What type of molecule is cholesterol

A

A lipid

47
Q

What are the monomers of proteins

A

Amino acids

48
Q

What are two amino acids joined together called?

A

Dipeptide

49
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

Two or more amino acids joined together

50
Q

What are proteins made of

A

One or more polypeptide

51
Q

What are the 3 parts of an amino acid structure

A 
Carboxyl group 
-
Amino group
-
R group
52
Q

What’s the difference between all 20 amino acids

A

The R group

53
Q

What is the bond called between amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

54
Q

By what reaction are peptide bonds formed

A

Condensation reaction

Biology: Alex (44 decks)

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