All - Biological molecules

Question 1

Define a polymer

Answer 1

Large molecule of small repeating units

Question 2

What are the individual units that make up a polymer?

Answer 2

Monomers

Question 3

What is the process of linking monomers to form a polymer

Answer 3

Polymerisation

Question 4

What chemical process joins monomers together?

Answer 4

Condensation reaction

Question 5

What happens in a condensation reaction

Answer 5

Removal of a water molecule

Question 6

How can polymers be broken back down to monomers

Answer 6

Addition of a water molecule (hydrolysis)

Question 7

The 3 types of carbohydrate?

Answer 7

Monosaccharides 
-
Disaccharides 
-
Polysaccharides

Question 8

What type of carbohydrate are monomers?

Answer 8

Monosaccharides

Question 9

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

Answer 9

Glucose 
-
Fructose 
-
Galactose

Question 10

What type of sugar are the monosaccharides

Answer 10

Hexose sugars

Question 11

What is formed when two monosaccharides are linked together

Answer 11

Disaccharides

Question 12

What are the 3 disaccharides and what are the monosaccharides that make them up

Answer 12

Maltose (glucose+glucose)
-
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
-
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)

Question 13

Which type of carbohydrates are sweet and soluble?

Answer 13

Monosaccharides

Question 14

What do many monosaccharides linked together form?

Answer 14

Polysaccharides

Question 15

Name 3 polysaccharides

Answer 15

Starch 
-
Cellulose 
-
Glycogen

Question 16

How do polysaccharides differ to mono and disaccharides?

Answer 16

Not sweet and are insoluble in water

Question 17

Why are diabetics advised to eat poly and disaccharides?

Answer 17

Means slow uptake of sugar into blood

Question 18

What is the function of starch and glycogen in cells?

Answer 18

Storage molecules

Question 19

Two features of both starch and glycogen that make them suited for storage molecules

Answer 19

Insoluble in water so not lost from cell by diffusion (do not affect osmosis)

Question 20

Starch is…

Answer 20

The storage carbohydrate in plants

Question 21

What are the two molecules that make up starch?

Answer 21

Amylopectin (70-80%)

Question 22

4 structure of amylose

Answer 22

1) coiled
2) no side branches
3) shorter in length than cellulose
4) 1, 4 glycosidic bond between glucose molecules

Question 23

3 structure of amylopectin

Answer 23

1) has side branches to chain (easily accessed/ hydrolysed)
2) 1,4 glycosidic bond (1,6 for side branches)
3) not coiled (straight chain)

Question 24

Glycogen is…

Answer 24

The storage carbohydrate in animals, Bactria and fungi

Question 25

4 structure of glycogen

Answer 25

1) compact 2) made up of glucose molecules 3) chains have side branches 4) 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 26

Cellulose is...

Answer 26

Main constituent of cell walls in plants

Question 27

Structure of cellulose (5)

Answer 27

1) longer than starch 2) chains are straight 3) no side branches 4) made up of glucose molecules 5) 1,4 glycosidic bonding

Question 28

Two differences between starch and cellulose

Answer 28

Starch made up of two molecules: cellulose just one - Starch chains much shorter (200-500 alpha glucose long) than cellulose (10,000 beta glucose long)

Question 29

What elements do lipids and carbohydrates contain?

Answer 29

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Question 30

What elements are in an organic molecule

Answer 30

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 31

What are the two subgroups of lipids?

Answer 31

Fats (solid at room temperature) - Oils (liquid at room temperature)

Question 32

Triglycerides are...

Answer 32

Energy stores in plants and humans

Question 33

How are triglycerides formed?

Answer 33

Condensation reaction between glycerol and fatty acids

Question 34

What sort of bonds are formed in a triglyceride

Answer 34

Ester bonds

Question 35

Two types of fatty acids and their difference

Answer 35

Saturated fatty acid: no carbons double bonds in chain so not kinked - Unsaturated fatty acid: contains one or more carbon double bond (mono or poly unsaturated), kinked

Question 36

What is the result of having a linked hydro-carbon chain in unsaturated

Answer 36

``` Link prevents packing closely together - Weaker intermolecular bonds - Results in oils that are liquid at room temp ```

Question 37

Are lipids insoluble

Answer 37

All lipids are insoluble

Question 38

What makes water a polar molecule

Answer 38

Unevenly distributed charge

Question 39

Why is water a food transport medium

Answer 39

Polar nature means chemicals dissolve easily in it, allowing them to be transported

Question 40

Why does water have a high specific heat capacity

Answer 40

Large amount of energy required to break hydrogen bonds

Question 41

What is specific eat capacity

Answer 41

Amount of energy in joules required to raise temp of 1cm3 by 1 degrees C

Question 42

What are the two main functions of water

Answer 42

- It is a solvent | - water transports substances

Question 43

What is the bond between positive H atoms and negative O atoms

Answer 43

Hydrogen bond

Question 44

How does glucoses structure relate to its function

Answer 44

Soluble (so easily transported) - It’s chemical bonds contain a lot of energy

Question 45

What type of bond holds monomers together in a polysaccharide?

Answer 45

Glycosidic bonds

Question 46

What type of molecule is cholesterol

Answer 46

A lipid

Question 47

What are the monomers of proteins

Answer 47

Amino acids

Question 48

What are two amino acids joined together called?

Answer 48

Dipeptide

Question 49

What is a polypeptide

Answer 49

Two or more amino acids joined together

Question 50

What are proteins made of

Answer 50

One or more polypeptide

Question 51

What are the 3 parts of an amino acid structure

Answer 51

``` Carboxyl group - Amino group - R group ```

Question 52

What’s the difference between all 20 amino acids

Answer 52

The R group

Question 53

What is the bond called between amino acids

Answer 53

Peptide bonds

Question 54

By what reaction are peptide bonds formed

Answer 54

Condensation reaction