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Biology: Alex > Plant Cell And Strucutre > Flashcards

Plant Cell And Strucutre Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe cell wall

A
  1. Ridged structure that surrounds and supports cell

2. Made of cellulose (beta glucose)

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2
Q

Describe middle lamella

A

Gives stability

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3
Q

Describe plasmodesmata

A

Channel in cell wall that allows transport of substances and communication between cells

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4
Q

Describe pits

A

Regions where cell wall is very thin, arranged in pairs to allow transport of substances between cells

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5
Q

Describe components of chloroplast

A
  1. Flattened double membrane
  2. Thylakoid arranged in stacks called grana
  3. Grana linked by lamellae
  4. Stroma
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6
Q

Describe amyloplast

A

Membrane bound organelle containing starch grains

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7
Q

Describe vacuole and tonoplast

A

Tonoplast= membrane controlling what leaves/ enters

Vacuole: cell sap, keeps cell turgid, breakdown of chemicals

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8
Q

Describe xylem vessels

A
  1. Transport water and mineral ions, provide support
  2. No cytoplasm and no end walls so form tube structure
  3. Found in bundles
  4. Thickend by lignin
  5. Substances move in/out through pits where no lignin
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9
Q

Describe sclerenchyma fibres

A
  1. Only provide support
  2. Dead cells thickend with lignin
  3. Don’t contain pits
  4. Longer than they are wide and do have cell end walls
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10
Q

What is the function of Phloem

A

Transport organic solutes from source to sink

This is translocation

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11
Q

Describe Phloem

A
  1. Not for support
  2. Sieve tube elements joined end to end
  3. Cell wall ends have holes in to allow solutes to pass
  4. No nucleus, thin layer of cytoplasm
  5. Rely on companion cells to carry out functions for both themselvs and sieve tube (provide energy for active transport)
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12
Q

What do xylem vessels and phloem tissue do?

A

Group Into vascular bundles

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13
Q

On a cross section, where is each component

A

Outer most: sclerenchyma
Middle: phloem tissue
Inner most: xylem

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14
Q

What is the function of starch

A

Storage for excess glucose, broken down when need energy

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15
Q

What are the two components of starch

A
  1. Mixture of two polysaccharides of alpha glucose

2. Amylose and Amylopectin

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16
Q

Describe the structure of Amylose

A
  1. Unbranded chain of Alpha glucose
  2. Coiled structure making it compact and good for storage
  3. You can fit more in a small space
17
Q

Describe the structure of amylopectin

A
  1. BRANCHED chain of alpha glucose
  2. Side branches allow for enzymes to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds quickly
  3. So energy quickly released
18
Q

Describe the properties of starch

A
  1. Insoluble in water so doesn’t cause water to enter cell by osmosis
  2. Good for storage
19
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A
  1. Long, unbranched chain of beta glucose joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  2. Chains linked together by hydrogen bonds
  3. To form strong threads called microfibrils
  4. Strong so structural support
20
Q

How can plant fibres be useful for humans

A

Long tubes are very strong so can be used to make rope or fabric

21
Q

Describe how the arrangement of cellulose makes plant fibres strong

A
  1. The cell wall contains cellulose microfibrils in a net-like arrangement
  2. The strength of microfibrils and their arrangement gives plant fibres strength
22
Q

Describe how the secondary thickening of cell walls gives strength

A
  1. When structural plant cells like xylem finish growing they produce a secondary cell wall
  2. This is thicker and strengthen by lignin
  3. Growth of this called secondary thickening
23
Q

Define tensile strength

A

Maximum load it can take before breaking

24
Q

Outline sustainability

A

Using renewable sources to meet needs of present gen without messing up planet

25
Q

Define renewable resources

A
  1. Can be used indefinitely without running out
  2. Such as plants that can be regrown
  3. Without causing significant long-term damage
26
Q

Give an example of an unsustainable practice and a sustainable one

A

Sustainable: replacing a tree after cutting one down
Unsustainable: using fossil fuels

27
Q

Explain how plant fibres can contribute to sustainability

A
  1. Making rope and fabric (not out of plastic)
  2. Less fossil fuel used up, regrown to maintain supply
  3. Biodegradable by microbes
  4. Cheaper and easier
28
Q

How can starch contribute to sustainability

A
  1. Starch found in all plants, potatoes especially rich
  2. Bioplastics made from starch rather than oil
  3. More sustainable as less oil and crops can be regrown
  4. Fuel called bioethanol made from starch

Biology: Alex (44 decks)

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