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Biology: Alex > Specific Immune Responce > Flashcards

Specific Immune Responce Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the specific immune response?

A

Antigen-specific involving T & B cells. It is aimed at specific pathogens

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2
Q

How is a T cell activated

A

Receptors on surface bind to complimentary antigens displayed by APCs

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3
Q

What will a T cell do once activated?

A

Divide by mitosis to produce clones of itself

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of T cell and what do they do?

A
  1. T helper cell: releases substances to activate B cells, T killer cells, and macrophages
  2. T killer cell: attach to antigens on infected cells and kills cell (along with pathogen)
  3. T memory cell
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5
Q

What 3 ways does interferon help prevent viruses spreading?

A
  1. Inhibit viral replication/ production of viral proteins
  2. Activate cells in specific immune response
  3. Promote inflammation
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6
Q

What cells activate B cells?

A

T helper cells

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7
Q

What are B cells covered in?

A

Proteins called antibodies

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8
Q

How is a B cell activated

A

1) When specific antibody binds to complementary antigen (forms antigen-antibody complex)
2) this together with substances released from T cell, activated B cell

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9
Q

What will an activated B cell do?

A

Divided by mitosis into:

1) plasma cells (b effector cells)
2) B memory cells

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10
Q

What cells make antibodies

A

Plasma cells (B effector cells), specific to 1 antigen

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11
Q

How are T and B lymphocytes functionally different

A

B lymphocytes secrete antibodies that bind to specific antigen that are NOT actually within body cells

T lymphocytes do not secrete antibodies. T cells bind to antigen on APC and destroy the body cell

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12
Q

Describe the role of plasma cells

A
  1. Secrete loads of antibodies into the blood

2. These antibodies will bind to antigens it surface of pathogen to form lots of antigen-antibody complexes

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13
Q

Deceive the structure of antibodies

A
  1. Four polypeptide chains- 2 heavy, 2 light
  2. Each chain has a variable region and a constant region
  3. Variable regions for antigen biding site, so shape is complementary to antigen
  4. Constant region allows binding to immune system cells so is same on all antibodies
  5. Disulphide bridges hold chains together
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14
Q

What three ways can antibodies help fight infection

A
  1. Agglutinating pathogens
  2. Neutralising toxins
  3. Preventing pathogen binding to human cells
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15
Q

Describe agglutinating pathogens

A
  1. Each antibody has 2 binding sites, can can bind to 2 pathogens at same time
  2. Pathogens then clump together
  3. Phagocyte then binds to antibodies and phagocytise a lot of pathogens at once
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16
Q

Describe neutralising toxins

A

Antibodies can bind to toxins that pathogens produce, preventing them from affecting human cells so toxins are neutralised

17
Q

Describe how antigens prevent pathogen binding to human cells

A

Antibody blocks receptors used to bind to host cells, stopping pathogen attaching/ infecting host cells

18
Q

What are the two types of antibodies

A

Membrane bound: attached to membrane of B cell

Can be secreted: not attached

19
Q

What is the response when a pathogen enters the body for the first time?

A

Antigens activate non-specific response. In turn activating specific response
This makes up the primary response

20
Q

Why is the primary response slow?

A

Aren’t many B cells that can make antibodies needed to bind to pathogen

21
Q

What do T memory cells do?

A

Remember specific antigen

22
Q

What do B memory cells do?

A

Remember specific antibodies needed to bind to pathogen

23
Q

What does a second infection elicit

A

Secondary response

24
Q

What are the 2 types of active immunity

A
  1. Natural: immunity after catching disease

2. Artificial: vaccine containing antigen

25
Q

What is active immunity

A

When immune system makes own antibodies after being stimulated by antigen

26
Q

What is passive immunity

A

When you get given antibodies, immune system doesn’t make any of its own

27
Q

What are the 2 types of passive immunity

A

Natural: baby becomes immune through mother from antibodies in breastmilk or placenta

Artificial: when injected with antibodies

28
Q

What is the purpose of vaccines

A

Contains antigens that stimulates primary immune response without causing disease

29
Q

What does a vaccine result in

A

Body producing memory cells, giving immunity without the disease

30
Q

What is the ‘evolutionary race’

A

Struggle between pathogen and host to outdo each other

Biology: Alex (44 decks)

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