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Biology Paper 2 > Topic 5 Controlling Fertility > Flashcards

Topic 5 Controlling Fertility Flashcards

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1
Q

How can oestrogen prevent the release of the egg

A

If it is taken every day to keep its level permanently high it inhibits the production of FSH a and after a while egg development and production will stop and stay stopped

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2
Q

How can progesterone reduce fertility

A

By creating a thick mucus which prevents sperm getting through and reaching the egg

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3
Q

What is the combined oral contraceptive pill

A

A pill containing oestrogen and progesterone

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4
Q

How effective is the pill

A

99%

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5
Q

What are the side effects of the pill

A

Headaches and nausea

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6
Q

One con of the combine oral contraceptive pill

A

Doesn’t protect about sexually transmitted disease

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7
Q

What are adv of the progesterone only pill

A

Has fewer side effects and is just as effective

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8
Q

What is the contraceptive patch

A

Contains oestrogen and progesterone
And is a small patch stuck to the skin that lasts one week

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9
Q

What is the contraceptive implant

A

Inserted under the skin of the arm and releases a continuous amount of progesterone which stops the ovaries releasing eggs and makes it hard for sperm to swim to the egg and being fertilised
Lasts 3 years

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10
Q

Contraceptive injection

A

Contains progesterone and lasts 2-3 months

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11
Q

What is the intrauterine device (IUD)

A

T shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent implantation of a fertilised egg

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12
Q

What are the two main types of IUD

A

Plastic that release progesterone
Copper that prevent the sperm from surviving in the uterus

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13
Q

Why are condoms good

A

Only form of contraception that will protect against sexually transmitted disease

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14
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

A shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix (entrance to the uterus) to form a barrier
And can be used with spermicide (substances that kills or disables sperm)

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15
Q

How effective is spermicide when used on its own

A

70-80%

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16
Q

What is sterilisation

A

Cutting or tying of the fallopian tubes in a female
Cutting of the sperm duct I’m the penis for a male

17
Q

What kind of procedure is sterilisation

A

Permanent solution but small chance tubes can rejoin

18
Q

What are natural methods of avoiding pregnancy

A

Finding out when in the menstrual cycle the women is most fertile and avoiding having sexual intercourse on those days

19
Q

What is abstinence

A

Only way is completely be sure that sperm does not meet the egg is not to have sexual intercourse

20
Q

Pros of fertility drugs

A

Can you help women get pregnant

21
Q

Cons of fertility drugs

A

Doesn’t always work
too many eggs can be stimulated resulting in multiple pregnancies

22
Q

Pros of facility treatment

A

Given infertile couples a child

23
Q

Cons of fertility treatment

A

Multiple births
success rate is low
emotionally stressful as well as physically stressful

24
Q

Why are some people against IVF

A

Unused embryos or destroyed
genetic testing of embryos for implantation could lead to selection of preferred characteristics

25
Q

What does ivf involve

A

Collecting eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using a man’s sperm

26
Q

What does ivf stand for

A

In vitro fertilisation

27
Q

What is the ivf treatment called intra cytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI

A

Where sperm is injected directly into an egg

28
Q

When is ICSI a useful

A

If a man has a low sperm count

29
Q

Where are the eggs grown into embryos during ivf

A

In a laboratory incubator

30
Q

What happens once the embryos are tiny balls of cells

A

They are transferred to the woman’s uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy

31
Q

What is given to a woman before the eggs are inserted during ivf

A

Fsh and LH to stimulate several eggs to mature

32
Q

Cons of ivf

A

Multiple births can happen and therefore there risky for the mother and the babies (miscarriage and still birth)
Success rate of ivf is low 26% process stressful upsetting and multiple failures
Emotionally and physically stressful for the woman as some may have strong reactions to hormones
E.g abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration

33
Q

What has helped improve techniques and therefore success rates

A

Microscope techniques

34
Q

What have specialised micro tools need developed for

A

To use on eggs and sperm under a microscope
Also used to remove single cells from an embryo for genetic testing

35
Q

What is used to continuously monitor the embryos to see which ones are more likely to result in successful pregnancy

A

Time lapse imaging (using microscope and built in camera in the incubator)

36
Q

Why are some against genetic testing

A

Some think it could lead to selection of preferred characteristic such as gender or eye colour

Biology Paper 2 (49 decks)

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