TOPIC 28A General features of muscles, muscular auxiliary structures

Question 1

Functions of muscles

Answer 1

move the body
support viscera (resp system, abd pressure)
protection

Question 2

different types of muscle

Answer 2

smooth

striated (cardiac and skeletal)

Question 3

muscles can either work

Answer 3

antagonistically (against eachother)
 or synergistically (together)

Question 4

fastest skeletal muscle

Answer 4

wings of insects (300contr/sec)

Question 5

where is smooth muscle found & types

Answer 5

in organs
fast twitch = white
slow twitch = red

Question 6

characteristics of skeletal muscle

Answer 6

connected to bone and cartilage
well vascularised and innervated
form thoracic and abdominal walls
helps support body weight

Question 7

different parts of a muscle (5)

Answer 7

1. origin - punctum fixum, proximal, less mobile part
2. insertion - punctum mobile, distal
3. belly - fleshy, contracts
4. tendons - white cords of collagen bundles in parallel arrangements. cont. of soft tissue of muscles
5. musculotendinous junction - junction bw muscle fibres and tendon fibres

Question 8

spindle shaped muscle variations

Answer 8

1. unipennate
2. bipennate
3. multipennate

Question 9

what is unipennate muscle and give example

Answer 9

2 parallel tendons on either side - eg. DDF ulnar and radial heads

Question 10

what is bipennate muscle and give example

Answer 10

2 tendon SHEATHS of different directions

eg. m infraspinati

Question 11

what is multipennate muscle and give example

Answer 11

several tendon sheaths of different directions

eg. DDF humeral head

Question 12

Connective tissue elements of a muscle (4)

Answer 12

1. perimysium
2. epimysium
3. endomysium
4. fascia

Question 13

what is perimysium

Answer 13

covers muscle fascicles and contains nerves and vessels

Question 14

what is the epimysium

Answer 14

fibrous CT that surrounds separate muscle fibre bundles - the separate parts of one muscle

Question 15

what is the endomysium

Answer 15

small CT that surrounds muscle fibres arranged in coils. has vessels and nerves

Question 16

what is fascia

Answer 16

tissue capsule - individual sheets of collagen fibres

Question 17

list the different shapes of muscle classification (7)

Answer 17

spindle,
sheet-like
2-headed
3,4-headed
2-bellied
circular/ring
sphincter

Question 18

list the functional effects of muscles

Answer 18

extend, flex, pronate, supinate, adduct, abduct, dilate etc

Question 19

joints muscles act on

Answer 19

uniaticular, biarticular, polyarticular

Question 20

accessory structures of muscles

Answer 20

bursae synovial, fasciae, tendon sheaths