TOPIC 2: Lesson 1 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the pathway of respiration? (in order)
1: Nose
2: Pharynx
3: Larynx
4: Trachea
5: Bronchi
6: Bronchioles
7: Alveoli
What muscles are used during Inspiration at REST?
- Diaphragm
- External intercostals
What muscles are used during Inspiration when EXERCISING?
- Diaphragm
- External intercostals
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scalenes
- Pectoral minor
What muscles are used during Expiration at REST?
It’s passive: diaphragm and external intercostals relax.
What muscles are used during Expiration when EXERCISING?
- Internal intercostals
- Abdominals
What do intercostal muscles do?
- They increase the volume of chest cavity.
During Inspiration…
- Thoracic cavity expands
- External intercostals contract
- Diaphragm contracts
During Expiration…
- Thoracic cavity decreases
- External intercostals relax
- Diaphragm relaxes
Why do gases move in the direction they do?
Capillaries and alveolus (single alveoli sack) exchange Co2 and O2. This happens because Co2 moves from a high concentration to a low concentration- this is known as diffusion.
Name the features that assist in gaseous exchange/diffusion.
1: Large surface area of alveoli
2: Moist thin walls (one cell thick)
3: Short distance for diffusion
4: Lots of capillaries
5: Large blood supply
6: Movement of gas from high to low concentration
What is the function of haemaglobin?
Carry O2 from the lungs via arteries to the body tissues and transport CO2 back to the lungs through the veins.
Define lung volumes.
The movement of air into and out of the lungs
How many litres of air do we inspire/expire at rest?
0.5L
Define tidal volume and explain how it changes during exercise.
Volume of air inspired or expired per breath
- Increases
Define inspiratory reserve volume and explain how it changes during exercise.
Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
- Decrease
Define expiratory reserve volume and explain how it changes during exercise.
Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
- Slight decrease
Define residual volume and explain how it changes during exercise.
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
- Remains the same
Define minute ventilation and explain how it changes during exercise.
Volume of air inspired or expired per minute
- Big increase
What is the formula for minute ventilation?
Number of breathes (per min) x Tidal volume
Where does respiration occur and what is its function?
They occur in cells. The cells use the food and oxygen brought to them by the blood to produce energy.
What are the organs in the respiratory system desgined to do?
Exchange gases with the environment.
The exchange involves oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Gaseous exchange is concerned with…
Getting oxygen into lungs so that it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells.
The removal of CO2 from the blood
Describe gaseous exhange at the alveoli.
- Patrial pressure of oxygen in alveoli is higher than in the capillaries.
- This is because O2 has been removed by working muscles.
- Difference in partial pressure is referred to as concentration/diffusion gradient.
- The bigger the gradient, the faster the diffusion.
Describe gaseous exchange at the muscles.
- Partial pressure of O2 is lower in tissues then in the blood for diffusion to occur.
- Lower the partial pressure allows O2 to diffuse from the blood into muscles until equilibrium is reached.
- Partial pressure of CO2 in blood is lower than in the tissues, diffusion occurs and CO2 moves into the blood to be transported into the lungs.
Define cilia.
Microscopic hair-like projections that help to sleepaway fluids and particles.
Define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
A chronic and debilitating disease and it’s the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema.
What’s the main cause of emphysema?
Smoking. It is a long term, progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath.
