TOPIC 2: Lesson 1 - The Respiratory System

Question 1

What is the pathway of respiration? (in order)

Answer 1

1: Nose
2: Pharynx
3: Larynx
4: Trachea
5: Bronchi
6: Bronchioles
7: Alveoli

Question 2

What muscles are used during Inspiration at REST?

Answer 2

• Diaphragm
• External intercostals

Question 3

What muscles are used during Inspiration when EXERCISING?

Answer 3

• Diaphragm
• External intercostals
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Scalenes
• Pectoral minor

Question 4

What muscles are used during Expiration at REST?

Answer 4

It’s passive: diaphragm and external intercostals relax.

Question 5

What muscles are used during Expiration when EXERCISING?

Answer 5

• Internal intercostals
• Abdominals

Question 6

What do intercostal muscles do?

Answer 6

• They increase the volume of chest cavity.

Question 7

During Inspiration…

Answer 7

• Thoracic cavity expands
• External intercostals contract
• Diaphragm contracts

Question 8

During Expiration…

Answer 8

• Thoracic cavity decreases
• External intercostals relax
• Diaphragm relaxes

Question 9

Why do gases move in the direction they do?

Answer 9

Capillaries and alveolus (single alveoli sack) exchange Co2 and O2. This happens because Co2 moves from a high concentration to a low concentration- this is known as diffusion.

Question 10

Name the features that assist in gaseous exchange/diffusion.

Answer 10

1: Large surface area of alveoli
2: Moist thin walls (one cell thick)
3: Short distance for diffusion
4: Lots of capillaries
5: Large blood supply
6: Movement of gas from high to low concentration

Question 11

What is the function of haemaglobin?

Answer 11

Carry O2 from the lungs via arteries to the body tissues and transport CO2 back to the lungs through the veins.

Question 12

Define lung volumes.

Answer 12

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

Question 13

How many litres of air do we inspire/expire at rest?

Answer 13

0.5L

Question 14

Define tidal volume and explain how it changes during exercise.

Answer 14

Volume of air inspired or expired per breath
- Increases

Question 15

Define inspiratory reserve volume and explain how it changes during exercise.

Answer 15

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
- Decrease

Question 16

Define expiratory reserve volume and explain how it changes during exercise.

Answer 16

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
- Slight decrease

Question 17

Define residual volume and explain how it changes during exercise.

Answer 17

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
- Remains the same

Question 18

Define minute ventilation and explain how it changes during exercise.

Answer 18

Volume of air inspired or expired per minute
- Big increase

Question 19

What is the formula for minute ventilation?

Answer 19

Number of breathes (per min) x Tidal volume

Question 20

Where does respiration occur and what is its function?

Answer 20

They occur in cells. The cells use the food and oxygen brought to them by the blood to produce energy.

Question 21

What are the organs in the respiratory system desgined to do?

Answer 21

Exchange gases with the environment.
The exchange involves oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 22

Gaseous exchange is concerned with…

Answer 22

Getting oxygen into lungs so that it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells.
The removal of CO2 from the blood

Question 23

Describe gaseous exhange at the alveoli.

Answer 23

• Patrial pressure of oxygen in alveoli is higher than in the capillaries.
• This is because O2 has been removed by working muscles.
• Difference in partial pressure is referred to as concentration/diffusion gradient.
• The bigger the gradient, the faster the diffusion.

Question 24

Describe gaseous exchange at the muscles.

Answer 24

• Partial pressure of O2 is lower in tissues then in the blood for diffusion to occur.
• Lower the partial pressure allows O2 to diffuse from the blood into muscles until equilibrium is reached.
• Partial pressure of CO2 in blood is lower than in the tissues, diffusion occurs and CO2 moves into the blood to be transported into the lungs.

Question 25

Define cilia.

Answer 25

Microscopic hair-like projections that help to sleepaway fluids and particles.

Question 26

Define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Answer 26

A chronic and debilitating disease and it’s the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema.

Question 27

What’s the main cause of emphysema?

Answer 27

Smoking. It is a long term, progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath.