Toddler and Preschool Nutrition Flashcards
toddlers are ages ____
stage of development is characterized by rapid increase in ___________
they develop increased independence, exploration, and ____ skills.
1-3 years
gross and fine motor skills
language
preschool aged children are _____ years old
characterized by increasing autonomy, broader social circumstances, increasing language skills and expanding ________ control
3-5 years old
behavior
undernutrition during toddler and preschool years can impair _____ development and ability to explore ______
cognitive
explore
toddler growth is an average gain of ___ oz and ____ inches in height per month
8 oz
0.4 in
in preschoolers, average gain of ____ in weight and growth of ______ per year
4.4 lb
2.75 inches
how to measure and weigh children under 2
without clothes or just in a dry diaper
measure recumbent length
how to measure and weigh preschoolers
with light clothing and no shoes using a height bored
growth charts are ____ and ___ specific
gender and age
birth to age 2 is the ______ charts
2-20 years is the ____ charts
WHO growth charts
CDC growth charts
types to look at of growth charts
weight for age
head circumference for age
length for age
weight for length
BMI for age
BMI for age growth charts is predictive of body fat for children over ___ years of age. BMI increases in _____ and decreases during _______ with the lowest levels at __ to ___ years
2
infancy
preschool years
4-6
crawl upstairs at ____
15 months
rides a tricycle at ____
36 months
runs stiffly at ______
18 months
walk up stairs one foot at a time
24 months
alternate feet going up stairs
30 months
jumps in place
24 months
in toddlers, social development involves _______
in toddlers, _______ are common
imitating others
temper tantrums
in toddlers, vocabulary expands dramatically
____ words at 18 months
____ words at 2 yrs
_______ by 3 years
10-15
100+
3 word sentences
development of feeding skills of toddlers…
bottle weening at ____
completely weaned at ____
refined pincer grasp at _____
able to use tongue to clean lips and rotary chewing at _____
9-10 months
12-14 months
12 months
18-24 months
feeding behaviors of toddlers
usually have strong preferences and dislikes
food jags common
imitate eating behavior of others
when feeding toddlers serve new foods how ?
also avoid battles over food or ______
with familiar food
force feeding
toddlers experience a _____ in appetite.
toddler sized portions average _____ per year of age
avoid ____ snacks
decrease
1 tbsp
sugary
In general, toddlers age _____ months old should drink whole milk to help provide the dietary fats they need for normal growth & brain development
◦ After age ____, children can switch to 1% reduced fat or nonfat milk
12-14 months
2 years
Starting at age ___, ____ servings/week of fish is recommended
◦ Avoid those high in mercury=> shark, swordfish, king mackerel, marlin, orange roughy, tilefish, bigeye tuna
2
1-2 servings
preschool children experience ______ and are ______.
magical thinking
egocentric (cant understand others point of view)
preschool age become more _____ and move toward more organized group play
vocabulary expands to ______ and begin using ______
cooperative
>2000 words
complete sentences
preschool age children can use ____________ while eating now. foods should be cut into bite size pieces to avoid choking
fork, spoon, lid off cup
preschool age is a good time to involve them and teach them about food because ________
they want to be helpful and please their parents
young children often do not like their foods to be _______
mixed or touch eachother
what is temperament
the behavioral style of the child
easy temperament
will try new things and fine with schedule change
difficult temperament
not very adaptable
slow to warm up temperament
need several occurrences to be okay with it
may need ____ exposures to new foods before acceptance
8-10
Parents vs Childs responsibility during eating
Parents responsible for what when and where they eat
children responsible for how much or whether they eat
forcing child to _______ should be avoided and controlling intake either thru contingencies or _____ practices should be avoided
clean their plate
coercive
Energy needs DRI of 1-3 years old
girls - 992 kcal
boys - 1046 kcal
EER for 1-3 years old
(89 x wt in kg – 100) + 20
age 4-8 energy requirements
girls - 1642
Boys - 1742
PA for EER equation
PA:
1 (sedentary)
1.16 (low active)
1.31 (active)
1.56 (very active)
protein needs for 1-3 yrs old
protein needs for 4-8 yrs old
1.1 g/kg/d or 13 g/day
0.95 g/kg/d or 19 g/day
iron, zinc, and calcium requirements for 1-3 years
iron 7 mg/day
zinc 3 mg/day
calcium 700 mg/day
iron, zinc, and calcium requirements for 4-8 years
iron 10 mg/day
zinc 5 mg/day
calcium 1000 mg/day
____% of 1-2 year olds are iron deficient
15.9%
children aged 1-5 should drink no more than ____ of milk due to low iron content
if child is at high risk they should be tested at ____ months, then ___ months later, and annually from ages ____
24 oz/day
9-12
6
2-5
AAP recommends universal screening at ____ months of age
12 months
nutrition intervention for iron deficiency anemia is
3 mg/kg/d of iron drops
counseling parents on dietary sources of iron
- lean meat, fish, poultry
- include vit C to increase absorption of non heme iron sources
repeat testing in 4 weeks
dental carries is cause by ___________ and increased risk with habitual use of _____ or consumption of ____ foods
prevention?
streptococcus mutans
bottle or sippy cup with juice or milk
fluoride from water or supplement
constipation in children is caused by ______
prevention?
“stool holding”
adequate fiber and fluid
fiber for 1-3 yrs
fiber for 4-8 years
19 g/day
25 g/day
lead poisoning seen in ____ of children aged 1-5
major lead causes are ________________
0.9%
airborne lead, lead chips, and dust from paint
about ___ % of children live in housing with deteriorated lead based paint and young children are at higher risk due to tendency to put things in their mouth and lead exposure can be linked to _____, _____, and _____
25%
lower IQ
behavioral problems
decreased growth
about ___ % of children live in housing with deteriorated lead based paint and young children are at higher risk due to tendency to put things in their mouth and lead exposure can be linked to _____, _____, and _____
25%
lower IQ
behavioral problems
decreased growth
risk factors for lead exposure
living in older homes
living in poverty
iron deficiency anemia (pica)
adequate _____ and ______ intake may decrease lead absorption
iron and calcium
_____ may increase lead excretion
vitamin C
children aged 2-5
2003/2004 - ____ % were overweight
2013/2014 - ____ % were overweight
13.9
9.4
BMI for age is what percentile for overweight and obese
85 - 94th %ile is overweight
95 or above %ile is obese
Obese children & children with familial hyperlipidemia can have high____-cholesterol levels
LDL
NHLBI Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet (CHILD-1) for children at risk for CVD
◦ Limit saturated fat to ___% of kcal needs
◦ Avoid ___ fats as much as possible
◦ Total fat: ___% (12-24 months) and ____% (2-10 yrs) of kcal needs
◦ Transition to ________ unflavored milk (age 12-24 months) and ______ unflavored milk (ages 2-10 yrs)
◦ Limit/avoid sugar-sweetened beverages
8-10%
trans
30%
25-30%
reduced fat
fat-free
Few definitive studies exist on the effectiveness of ______ for adults and much less in children
Advise parents of potential risks & the need to closely monitor the child if given supplements
herbal therapies
recommended foods for iron
meats
fortified cereal
dried beans
peas
recommended food for fiber
fruits
veggies
whole grains
Vegetarian diet guidelines
◦ Provide ___ meals and ____ snacks per day
◦ Avoid excessive bulky foods (for example, bran)
◦ Include energy dense foods (for example, cheese)
◦ Provide an ______ fatty acid source (for example, tofu)
◦ Ensure an adequate intake of _______
3
2-3
omega-3
calcium, zinc, iron, vitamins B12, and D
Children in part-day programs (_____ hrs/d) should
receive ____ meal and ____ snacks or
___meals and ___ snack
Full-day programs (>___ hrs/d) should provide ____
meals and ___ snacks or ___ meal and ___ snacks
Offer food at intervals not less than ___ hours & no
more ____ hours
Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP)
4-7 hrs/day
1 meal, 2 snacks
2 meals, 1 snack
> 8 hrs/day
2 meals, 2 snacks
1 meal, 3 snacks
2 hours
3 hours
