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Life Cycle Nutrition > Infant Nutrition > Flashcards

Infant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

A full term infant is __ to ___ weeks

A

37-42 weeks

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2
Q

typical birth weight is _____ to _____

A

2500-3800 g

5.5 - 8.5 lbs

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3
Q

typical birth length is ___ to ____

A

47-54 cm

18.5 - 21.5 in

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4
Q

what is late preterm

A

34 to 36 6/7 weeks gestation

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5
Q

what is preterm

A

28 to 33 6/7 weeks gestation

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6
Q

what is extremely preterm

A

less than 28 weeks

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7
Q

what is considered low birth weight

A

<2500 g

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8
Q

what is considered very low birth weight

A

<1500 g

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9
Q

what is considered extremely low birthweight?

A

<1000 g

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10
Q

infant mortality is defined as ?

what is the major cause

A

death within the 1st year of life

low birth weight

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11
Q

what are some resources and prevention programs to combat infant mortality?

A

Medicaid

Child Health Initiatives Program (CHIP)

Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment program (EPSDT)

Bright Futures Nutrition

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12
Q

newborn health status is assessed by what indicators?

A

birthweight
length
head circumference

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13
Q

small of gestational age (SGA) or _______ mean that the newborn is below the ___ percentile of weight for gestational age

A

intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)

<10th percentile

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14
Q

Large for Gestational age (LGA) means the newborn was > the _____ percentile of weight for gestational age

A

> 90th percentile

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15
Q

why do newborns have inconsistent cues for hunger?

A

CNS is immature

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16
Q

infant turning head toward the cheek that is touched and open mouths

A

rooting reflex

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17
Q

reflex causing tongue to move forward and backward

A

suckle reflex

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18
Q

infants ability to control voluntary muscle movement

A

motor development

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19
Q

order that the infants get motor development

A

head first then lower legs last

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20
Q

muscle development for infants from ____ to ____

A

central to peripheral

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21
Q

Around this time, infants can…

0 months
1 month
2 months
3 months
4 months
5 months

A

0 months - fetal posture
1 month - chin up on stomach
2 months - chest up on stomach
3 months - reach for toes in back and miss
4 months - sit with support
5 months - sit on lap and grasp object

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22
Q

Around this time, infants can…

6 months
7 months
8 months
9 months
10 months

A

6 months - grasp dangling object
7 months - sit alone
8 months - stand with help
9 months - stand holding furniture
10 months - creep/crawl

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23
Q

Around this time, infants can…

11 months
12 months
13 months
14 months
15 months

A

11 months - walk when led (hold hands)
12 months - pull to stand by furniture
13 months - climb stair steps
14 months - stand alone
15 months - walk alone

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24
Q

a fixed period of time in which certain behaviors or developments emerge

A

critical periods

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25
Q

what happens if skills are not learned in the critical period

A

may be difficulty later on

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26
Q

what are some factors that impact cognition and cognitive development in infants?

A

sensorimotor development

adequate energy and protein intake

positive social and emotional interactions

genetics

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27
Q

how does the fetus’ intestinal lining get stimulated to grow and mature

A

from swallowing amniotic fluid

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28
Q

it takes ____ for the GI tract to mature

A

6 months

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29
Q

at birth, the healthy newborn can digest ______________.

A

fats
protein
simple sugars

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30
Q

common problem with infants due to immaturity of the gut?

A

GERD
diarrhea
constipation

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31
Q

what factors impact the rate of food passage through the colon?

A

osmolarity of foods or liquids
colon bacterial flora
fluid intake

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32
Q

the guidelines of nutritional needs for infants are from the _____

A

DRIs

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33
Q

________ and _______ provide guidelines and position papers related to infant nutrition and feeding

A

american academy of pediatrics (AAP)
academy of nutrition and dietetics

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34
Q

energy needs for infants range from ____ to ____ kcal/kg/day

_____ from 0-6 months
_____ from 6-12 months

A

80-120 kcal/kg/day

108 kcal/kg/day
98 kcal/kg/day

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35
Q

infants have the highest metabolic rate of any time after birth, which is related to rapid growth and ______

A

high proportion of muscle

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36
Q

when CHO intake is limited in infants, _____ will be converted to glucose for energy and will be less available for the infant to grow. This is a ______ reaction

A

amino acids

catabolic

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37
Q

protein needs of infants from

0-6 months is ____
7-12 months _____

RDA: ___

A

1.52 g/kg
1.0 g/kg

1.2 g/kg

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38
Q

fat need for infants?

A

no fat recommendations
-only an AI

0-6 months is 31 grams
7-12 months is 30 grams

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39
Q

fat restriction for infants is not recommended because infant need cholesterol for ____ and ____ development

A

brain and gonad

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40
Q

fat contributes about ___ of the kcal in breastmilk

including _____ FA (multiple answers)
- _____ FA are easier to digest and utilize

A

half

short, medium, and long chain
short and medium

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41
Q

fluoride requirements for infants

A

not recommended until 6 months old

recommended for infants ≥6 months with <0.3 ppm fluoride in local water

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42
Q

vitamin D requirement for infants

A

400 IU/day

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43
Q

Sodium requirements for infants

A

0-6 months —-> 120 mg/day

7-12 months —-> 370 mg/day

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44
Q

iron requirements for infants breastfeeding

A

at 4 months old, supplement with 1mg/kg/day until iron containing complementary foods are introduced

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45
Q

iron requirements fro infants consuming formula

A

iron fortified formula as their main beverage for first year of life

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46
Q

vitamin ___ rich foods enhance iron absorption from nonhdme sources.

A

C

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47
Q

newborns double weight by _____
triple weight by ____

A

4-6 months
1 year

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48
Q

what devices are required to assess physical growth of infants?

A

calibrated scales
recumbent-length measurement board

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49
Q

typical weight and hight gain from 0-6 months is ____ and ____
typical weight and hight gain from 7-12 months is ____ and ____

A

30 g/day and 1.5-2.5 cm/month

85-140 g/week and 1 cm/month

50
Q

WHO growth charts include what measurements

A

weight for age
length for age
weight for length
head circumference for age

51
Q

AAP and AND recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first ____ months and continuation to ____ as optimum nutrition in infancy

A

6 months
1 year

52
Q

standard infant formula provides _____ kcal/oz
preterm infant formula provides _____ kcal/oz

A

19-20

22-24

53
Q

what forms can formula be purchased as?

A

ready to feed
concentrated liquid
powder

54
Q

carbohydrate modified formula used for _______.

A

gastrointestinal disorders

55
Q

protein modified formulas for _______

A

inborn errors of metabolism

56
Q

electrolyte altered formulas for ________

A

renal disease

57
Q

calcium/vitamin D modified formulas for ______

A

hypercalcemia

58
Q

infant formula differences

A

casein to whey ratio
degree of hydrolysis of the protein source
fat source (palm oil most similar to breastmilk)

59
Q

how to prepare ready to feed formula

A

shake to re-suspend any mineral sediment that may have settled

60
Q

how is warming bottles viewed

A

not necessary
promotes bacteria growth

61
Q

how should you avoid warming formula?
Why?

A

microwave

uneven heating leading to hot spots and loss of nutrients

62
Q

Prepared bottles should not be left out of the refrigerator for more than _____
Any formula remaining in the bottle after a feeding should be
discarded within _____

It is best to make powdered infant formula fresh for each feeding. If bottles are made in advance, they can be stored in the refrigerator for up to _____. Powdered formula should be stored in a cool, dry place. Once opened, powdered formula should be covered with the manufacturer’s lid and used within _____

After opening ready-to-feed and concentrated liquid formula, cover the unused portion and store in the refrigerator for up to _____

A

2 hours
1 hour

24 hours
1 month

48 hours

63
Q

Typical daily volumes fro young infants not being breast fed…

0-1 month
1-2 months
2-3 months
3-4 months

A

16-20 oz per day, 8-12 feedings a day, 1-2.5 oz per feeding

18-26 oz per day, 8-10 feedings a day, 2-4 oz per feeding

22-30 oz per day, 6-8 feedings a day, 3-5 oz per feeding

24-32 oz per day, 4-6 feedings a day, 4-8 oz per feeding

64
Q

Percentage of protein, carbs, and fat in breastmilk

A

7% protein
38% carbs
55% fat

65
Q

Percentage of protein, carbs, and fat in cow’s milk based formula

A

9-12% protein
41-43% carbs
48-50% fat

66
Q

cow milk recommended in infancy

A

should not be used in infancy

linked to iron-deficiency anemia
- decreased absorption due to competition with calcium

67
Q

advice of use of soy protein based formula during infancy

A

should be limited
no evidence for its benefit

68
Q

for lactose intolerance give infant ______

A

reduced lactose cows milk based formula

69
Q

for lactose intolerance give infant ______

A

reduced lactose cows milk based formula

70
Q

for milk protein allergy give infant______

A

hydrolyzed formulas

71
Q

infants are born with reflexes and food intake regulatory mechanisms. At ____ weeks, reflexes fade and infant begins to purposely signal wants and needs

A

4-6 weeks

72
Q

hunger cues of infants

A

sucking on fists
reaching for spoon
watching food being opened
pointing at food
irritation if feeding pace too slow or if feeder stops temporarily

73
Q

satiety cues of infants

A

seals lips together
turns head away
playing with food or spoon
eating rate flows
pushes food away
spits out food

74
Q

mouth pattern at…

0-5 months
4-6 months
5-9 months
8-11 months
10-11 months

A

sucking/swallowing

draw in lip when spoon removed

up and down munching movement with jaw

side to side tongue movement, can curve lips around cup

rotary chewing (grinding)

75
Q

infants must be able to ______ and ______ before introducing solid foods.

A

keep heap upright
sit with little support

76
Q

at 6 months first meals should be offered in _____ portions of ____ food on a spoon at ___ meals a day.

A

1-2 tbsp
pureed
1-2 meals

77
Q

why do we introduce food with a spoon?

A

stimulates muscle development

78
Q

when starting to introduce food, infants should not be overly ___ or ____.

A

tired or hungry

79
Q

to feed infant new foods use a____ spoon and a _____ bowl.
Pace feeding to allow infant to swallow.
First feeding may be small in volume, ____ baby spoons over 10 minutes.

A

small
shallow

5-6

80
Q

when starting to feed infant allow then to ________ before you place spoon on front of tongue with gentle pressure.

A

open mouth and extend tongue

81
Q

improper positioning when feeding infant, it may cause _____, ______, and ______.

A

choking
discomfort
ear infections

82
Q

young bottle fed infants should be positioned _______

A

in a semi upright position

83
Q

when spoon feeding infants, infant should be positioned _______

A

with back and feet supported
directly in front of adult making eye contact

84
Q

offer water to infants after ______ and from a _____

wean infant from using a bottle to drinking from a cup at _____ months

first portion from a cup is _____

A

6 months
cup

12-18 months

1-2 oz

85
Q

changing to a sippy cup is not the same as open cup developmental step.

open cup drinking skills encourage _____ development

A

speech

86
Q

early introduction at ____ months should be pureed foods
very soft lumpy foods can be introduced at _____
they can chew and swallow soft mashed food at _____
mature chewing skills develop when they are ______

A

6 months
6-8 months
8-10 months
toddler

87
Q

at 6 months you can give the infant _________ and ________ to eat.

add one new food at a time and offer over a _____ period

can add soft table foods at _____

A

iron-fortified baby cereal mixed with breast milk or water
pureed fruits and veggies

3-5 day

9-12 months

88
Q

unsafe food choices that are associated with choking

A

popcorn
peanuts ands nuts
raisins or whole grapes
stringy meats
marshmallows, gum, gummy candy
hard candy and jelly beans
hot dog pieces
hard raw fruits or veggies
sticky foods
honey

89
Q

honey should not be given to infants until ____
how come?

A

1 year old

potential source of clostridium botulism
- spored produce toxin which cause muscle weakness and can lead to paralysis and respiratory failure
- infants at risk bc immature gut

90
Q

breast milk or formula provide enough water for healthy infants up to _____
additional plain water then needed in hot, humid climates

juices not recommended until _____
avoid colas and teas

A

6 months

1 year

91
Q

dehydration due to illness is common in infants and ________ can provide electrolytes for rehydration, but they provide _____ than breast milk or formula

A

oral rehydration products (ex:pedialyte)
less calories

92
Q

DRI for water or fluids given to Infants 0-6 months is _____ and for infants 7-12 months is ______

A

0.7 L/day
0.8 L/day

93
Q

crying or fussiness may be misinterpreted as hunger and result in ________

new parents must learn infant’s ________

A

overfeeding

cues for hunger and satiety

94
Q

crying or fussiness may be misinterpreted as hunger and result in ________

new parents must learn infant’s ________

A

overfeeding

cues for hunger and satiety

95
Q

_____ infants may be exposed to a wider variety of flavors than _____ infants

infants have a predisposition to ____ taste

food preference from infancy sets stage for ____ food habits

A

breastfed
formula-fed

sweet

lifelong

96
Q

fluoride recommended at ___ months if family lives in a place without fluoridated water.

A

6 months

97
Q

vitamin B12 may be prescribed for _____ infants if mother is ______

A

breastfed
vegan

98
Q

vitamin D supplement of ____ per day if infant is _____

A

400 IU
purely breast-fed

99
Q

if exclusively breastfed, it is recommended to have ____ of supplemental iron starting at _____ and ending when infant can eat iron fortified cereals.

for exclusively breastfed preterm infants, iron supplement of ____ starting at _____ until _____

A

1 mg/kg/day
4 months

2 mg/kg/day
1 month
12 months

100
Q

for premature infants a _____ with minerals including fluoride is commonly recommended

A

liquid MVI

101
Q

educational materials are available from ____,_____, and _____

A

WIC
Bright Futures program
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

102
Q

condition of irritability and excessive, inconsolable crying in a healthy, well-fed infant

A

colic

103
Q

colic can occur from early infancy up to _____

episodes may appear _____

A

4 to 5 months
at the same time each day

104
Q

prebiotics and probiotics have been added to infant formulas for ______ but more research is needed

A

colic

105
Q

recommendations to receive colic

A

rocking and swaddling to calm infant
proper positioning during feeding
burping the infant more frequently

106
Q

iron stores in the infant reflect _______

A

iron stores of the mother

107
Q

iron deficiency anemia is more common in ______ families

long term anemia may result in long term _____

A

low income
learning delays

108
Q

constipation in infants is _____ and often ____ duration
high fiber foods not recommended bc they are ____

A

common
short duration

cooling hazards

109
Q

causes of constipation in infants

A

not enough fluid intake
excessive fluid loss
allergies
medications
infant formula being mixed improperly

110
Q

common cause of diarrhea in infants is from _______
- infants are at high risk of dehydration due to higher ______, smaller _____, and dependence on others to provide fluids.

A

excessive intake of fruit juice

higher metabolic rate
smaller fluid reserves

111
Q

recommendations fro infant diarrhea

A

keep feeding normally
avoid simple sugars in foods
oral rehydration solution may be needed

112
Q

GER and GERD in infants affects ___ of healthy infants
peaks between __ and ____ months and usually resolves by ______.
Caused by _______

A

2/3
1 and 4 months
12 months

underdevelopment of LES that separates the stomach from esophagus

113
Q

prevention fo GER and GERD in infants

A

small frequent meals
burping baby after feeding
keep baby upright 30 minutes after eating
continue breastfeeding
thicken infant formula (consult with pediatrition)

114
Q

preventative measures of early childhood caries

A

limit bedtime bottle
avoid sugar containing beverages
wean from bottle between 12-14 months
brush or wipe emerging teeth and gums

115
Q

The primary recommendation for prevention of allergies
is ___________ for the first ___ of life

Infants’ GI tracts are very sensitive so it is difficult to diagnose
a true allergy vs. intolerance

About ___% of children <__ yrs have food allergies that started
in infancy

A

exclusive breastfeeding
4 to 6 months

6-8%
4

116
Q

Absorption of ______ causes allergic reactions
- Can occur after an ________
* Common symptoms are __________

Delaying or avoiding the introduction of ___________ such as wheat, peanuts, fish, or eggs beyond ____ months of age does not reduce allergies, regardless of whether the child is at higher risk for the development of allergies

A

intact proteins
intestinal illness
wheezing or skin rashes

common food allergens
6 months

117
Q

Infants allergic to cow’s milk protein will
often have an allergic reaction to ________

Management may involve use of a specialized formula with ___________
* e.g. ________________

A

soy protein

hydrolyzed proteins
Similac Alimentum, Nutramigen (Enfamil)

118
Q

lactose intolerance is the inability to digest the disaccharide ______, which is main component of CHO in breastmilk and cow’s milk based formula

It is characterized by cramps, nausea, and alternating diarrhea and constipation.

A

lactose

119
Q

lactose intolerance in infancy is often _______
____ infections can cause temporary lactose intolerance that resolves
_______________ can be used

A

overestimated
GI
lactose reduced formulas

120
Q

infants receiving well planned vegetarian diets grow normally, but vegan diets increase risk of nutrient deficiencies such as _____________________

A

B12
D
calcium
iron
zinc
DHA

121
Q

Early head start program

  • a federally funded, community based program that provides early, continuous, intensive, and comprehensive child development and family support services to _____ families with children from ___ to ___ old. the program also includes ______
A

low income
birth to 3 years
nutrition education

122
Q

newborn metabolic screening includes _____, ______, _____, and _____.

It varies from state to state. Pennsylvania screens for ____ conditions

A

PKU
Congenital hypothyroidism
Galactosemia
Sick cell anemia

33

Life Cycle Nutrition (21 decks)

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