Infant Nutrition Interventions Flashcards
Up to ___ percent of infants and children with special health needs are at nutritional risk
40%
Low-Birthweight (LBW) is < ____ g
Very Low-Birthweight (VLBW) is < ____ g
Extremely Low-Birthweight (ELBW) is < ____ g
2500
1500
1000
in depth nutrition assessments are needed for infants born < ___ weeks, infants born with abnormal ______ during pregnancy, and infants at risk for ____ problems
34
development
chronic health
increased calories for _________
decreased calories for _________
increased
- difficulty breathing
- infection and fever
decreased
- spina bifida
- down syndrome
AAP suggest ___ to ____ kcal/kg for preterm infants
European society for. gastroenterology and nutrition suggest ____ to ____ kcal/kg
105-130
110-135
DRI for protein for infants
0-6 months
7-12 months
preterm infants?
1.52 g/kg
1.2 g/kg
higher for preterm
before 30 weeks may need 4.5 g/kg
for protein malabsorption use _____ formula
for metabolic disorders like PKU use ________
hydrolyzed protein formulas (small peptides or free amino acids)
specific amino acid formulas
human milk provides ___ to ____ % calories from fat
45-55 %
__________ do not require bile for absorption, and are a routine source of fat in preterm infant formula
medium chain triglycerides (MCT)
May need additional vitamins & minerals to support “catch-up” growth or during recovery from illness
Micronutrient needs can be affected by
___________________
digestive disorders, DNI, & fluid restrictions
_______ vitamins & mineral supplements are usually prescribed for sick or recovering infants
Human-milk ______ provide additional calories and nutrients
Preterm infant formulas may have higher amounts of vitamins & minerals
high potency
fortifiers
what are the growth charts for premature infants
Fenton preterm infant growth charts
Olsen intrauterine growth charts
Does intrauterine growth predict outside
growth?
yes in uterus
intrauterine environment
presence of toxins
depletion of nutrients
fetal organ errors in cell migration or formation of organs
interventions for FTT (failure to thrive)
team approach including social services
increase energy and protein intake
assess social supports
referral to WIC
growth charts for LBW premature and VLBW premature infant are provided by _________
infants health and development program (IHDP)
how to calculate gestation-adjusted age
40 weeks minus GA at birth
calculate gestation adjusted age for infant born at 30 weeks who is now 3 months old
40 weeks - 30 weeks = 10 weeks early
10/4 = 2.5 months early
when she is 3 months old
gestational age adjusted is 0.5 months
to plot growth chart for preterm infants _____ is used
GA adjusted
An impairment in the performance of tasks or
achieving developmental milestones that an
infant or child should achieve by a specific
chronological age
developmental delays
developmental delays diagnosis is made with testing that assesses cognitive, physical, social, and emotional development, communication and adaptive skills.
commonly results in nutrition what nutrition problems?
slower growth
feeding difficulty
oral motor and swallowing difficulties
very preterm birth is <___ weeks
extremely preterm birth is <____ weeks
preterm birth requires immediate intensive care hospitalization, and they have high rate of disability such as…?
34 weeks
28 weeks
delayed development
decreased academic achievement
higher risk of behavioral and attention problems
initial problem after birth of preterm infant is ______
cannot nurse due to requires respiratory support
nutrition support for preterm infants that is generally required
enteral (nutrients delivered through GI Tract)
- oral gastric
- nasogastric
- nasojejunal
- gastrostomy
- jejunostomy
parenteral (nutrients delivered directly into bloodstream)
slower rate of tube feeding increase time breast milk or formula is at room temp and preterm infants have immature immune systems so they are prone to infections.
What are some recommendations ?
change feeding set q 4 hours
limit duration of hang-time to 4 hours
avoid powdered infant formulas
proper time guidelines for using refrigerated or frozen and thawed breast milk
preterm human milk has higher ____ content than term milk.
protein
what is different about preterm infant formulas
higher energy and nutrients
MCT oils
whey protein preferred
if infant fatigues too early or is too week to suck, may use a ___ to ___ kcal/oz formula. can be up to ___ kcal, but high osmolality
22-24
30
severe preterm birth and nutrition issue?
necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
- inflammation in intestine
- bloody stools
- 2nd to 3rd week of life in premature, formula fed infants
- usually require parenteral nutrition
recommendations for introducing solids to preterm infants are based on ______
corrected gestational age
preterm infants may have problems feeding due to trauma from _______
feeding tube or ventilator
what is down syndrome
chromosomal condition that is associated with intellectual disability
Down syndrome occurrence is 1 in ____ births
691
common physical traits of down syndrome
hypotonia (low muscle tone)
short stature
distinct facial features (slant in eyes)
nutrition problems associated with down syndrome
swallowing difficulties
self feeding difficulty
constipation
overweight status common due to excessive energy intake and decreased activity
an example of congenital anomalies that would require infant neonatal intensive care and re-hospitalization
cleft lip and palate
what is cleft clip and palate
upper lip and roof of mouth are not formed completely and require corrective surgery
results in feeding and speaking difficulties
intramural prosthetics can be used to normalize oral cavity
RDN needs to work closely with SLP for feeding plan
examples of congenital anomalies in GI Tract disorder family
diaphragmatic hernia
esophageal atresia
displacement of the
intestines up into the thoracic cavity due to
incomplete formation of the diaphragm in
utero
diaphragmatic hernia
incomplete connection
between the esophagus and the stomach
esophageal atresia
for both diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia, infants require nutrition support and _____ because they cannot eat safely by _____. infant misses the developmental period when oral feeding is pleasurable which cause residual feeding problems later
surgery
mouth
what are the genetic metabolic disorders that infants can experience
PKU
galactosemia
treatment for PKU and galactosemia is often ____________
removal of one or more nutrients from the diet and provision of therapeutic infant formula to meet nutritional needs
