Infant Nutrition Interventions

Question 1

Up to ___ percent of infants and children with special health needs are at nutritional risk

Answer 1

40%

Question 2

Low-Birthweight (LBW) is < ____ g
Very Low-Birthweight (VLBW) is < ____ g
Extremely Low-Birthweight (ELBW) is < ____ g

Answer 2

2500
1500
1000

Question 3

in depth nutrition assessments are needed for infants born < ___ weeks, infants born with abnormal ______ during pregnancy, and infants at risk for ____ problems

Answer 3

34
development
chronic health

Question 4

increased calories for _________
decreased calories for _________

Answer 4

increased
- difficulty breathing
- infection and fever

decreased
- spina bifida
- down syndrome

Question 5

AAP suggest ___ to ____ kcal/kg for preterm infants
European society for. gastroenterology and nutrition suggest ____ to ____ kcal/kg

Answer 5

105-130

110-135

Question 6

DRI for protein for infants
0-6 months
7-12 months
preterm infants?

Answer 6

1.52 g/kg
1.2 g/kg

higher for preterm
before 30 weeks may need 4.5 g/kg

Question 7

for protein malabsorption use _____ formula
for metabolic disorders like PKU use ________

Answer 7

hydrolyzed protein formulas (small peptides or free amino acids)

specific amino acid formulas

Question 8

human milk provides ___ to ____ % calories from fat

Answer 8

45-55 %

Question 9

__________ do not require bile for absorption, and are a routine source of fat in preterm infant formula

Answer 9

medium chain triglycerides (MCT)

Question 10

May need additional vitamins & minerals to support “catch-up” growth or during recovery from illness

Micronutrient needs can be affected by
___________________

Answer 10

digestive disorders, DNI, & fluid restrictions

Question 11

_______ vitamins & mineral supplements are usually prescribed for sick or recovering infants

Human-milk ______ provide additional calories and nutrients

Preterm infant formulas may have higher amounts of vitamins & minerals

Answer 11

high potency
fortifiers

Question 12

what are the growth charts for premature infants

Answer 12

Fenton preterm infant growth charts
Olsen intrauterine growth charts

Question 13

Does intrauterine growth predict outside
growth?

Answer 13

yes in uterus

intrauterine environment
presence of toxins
depletion of nutrients
fetal organ errors in cell migration or formation of organs

Question 14

interventions for FTT (failure to thrive)

Answer 14

team approach including social services
increase energy and protein intake
assess social supports
referral to WIC

Question 15

growth charts for LBW premature and VLBW premature infant are provided by _________

Answer 15

infants health and development program (IHDP)

Question 16

how to calculate gestation-adjusted age

Answer 16

40 weeks minus GA at birth

Question 17

calculate gestation adjusted age for infant born at 30 weeks who is now 3 months old

Answer 17

40 weeks - 30 weeks = 10 weeks early
10/4 = 2.5 months early

when she is 3 months old
gestational age adjusted is 0.5 months

Question 18

to plot growth chart for preterm infants _____ is used

Answer 18

GA adjusted

Question 19

An impairment in the performance of tasks or
achieving developmental milestones that an
infant or child should achieve by a specific
chronological age

Answer 19

developmental delays

Question 20

developmental delays diagnosis is made with testing that assesses cognitive, physical, social, and emotional development, communication and adaptive skills.

commonly results in nutrition what nutrition problems?

Answer 20

slower growth
feeding difficulty
oral motor and swallowing difficulties

Question 21

very preterm birth is <___ weeks
extremely preterm birth is <____ weeks

preterm birth requires immediate intensive care hospitalization, and they have high rate of disability such as…?

Answer 21

34 weeks
28 weeks

delayed development
decreased academic achievement
higher risk of behavioral and attention problems

Question 22

initial problem after birth of preterm infant is ______

Answer 22

cannot nurse due to requires respiratory support

Question 23

nutrition support for preterm infants that is generally required

Answer 23

enteral (nutrients delivered through GI Tract)
- oral gastric
- nasogastric
- nasojejunal
- gastrostomy
- jejunostomy

parenteral (nutrients delivered directly into bloodstream)

Question 24

slower rate of tube feeding increase time breast milk or formula is at room temp and preterm infants have immature immune systems so they are prone to infections.

What are some recommendations ?

Answer 24

change feeding set q 4 hours

limit duration of hang-time to 4 hours

avoid powdered infant formulas

proper time guidelines for using refrigerated or frozen and thawed breast milk

Question 25

preterm human milk has higher ____ content than term milk.

Answer 25

protein

Question 26

what is different about preterm infant formulas

Answer 26

higher energy and nutrients
MCT oils
whey protein preferred

Question 27

if infant fatigues too early or is too week to suck, may use a ___ to ___ kcal/oz formula. can be up to ___ kcal, but high osmolality

Answer 27

22-24

30

Question 28

severe preterm birth and nutrition issue?

Answer 28

necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
- inflammation in intestine
- bloody stools
- 2nd to 3rd week of life in premature, formula fed infants
- usually require parenteral nutrition

Question 29

recommendations for introducing solids to preterm infants are based on ______

Answer 29

corrected gestational age

Question 30

preterm infants may have problems feeding due to trauma from _______

Answer 30

feeding tube or ventilator

Question 31

what is down syndrome

Answer 31

chromosomal condition that is associated with intellectual disability

Question 32

Down syndrome occurrence is 1 in ____ births

Answer 32

691

Question 33

common physical traits of down syndrome

Answer 33

hypotonia (low muscle tone)
short stature
distinct facial features (slant in eyes)

Question 34

nutrition problems associated with down syndrome

Answer 34

swallowing difficulties

self feeding difficulty

constipation

overweight status common due to excessive energy intake and decreased activity

Question 35

an example of congenital anomalies that would require infant neonatal intensive care and re-hospitalization

Answer 35

cleft lip and palate

Question 36

what is cleft clip and palate

Answer 36

upper lip and roof of mouth are not formed completely and require corrective surgery

results in feeding and speaking difficulties

intramural prosthetics can be used to normalize oral cavity

RDN needs to work closely with SLP for feeding plan

Question 37

examples of congenital anomalies in GI Tract disorder family

Answer 37

diaphragmatic hernia

esophageal atresia

Question 38

displacement of the
intestines up into the thoracic cavity due to
incomplete formation of the diaphragm in
utero

Answer 38

diaphragmatic hernia

Question 39

incomplete connection
between the esophagus and the stomach

Answer 39

esophageal atresia

Question 40

for both diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia, infants require nutrition support and _____ because they cannot eat safely by _____. infant misses the developmental period when oral feeding is pleasurable which cause residual feeding problems later

Answer 40

surgery
mouth

Question 41

what are the genetic metabolic disorders that infants can experience

Answer 41

PKU
galactosemia

Question 42

treatment for PKU and galactosemia is often ____________

Answer 42

removal of one or more nutrients from the diet and provision of therapeutic infant formula to meet nutritional needs