Child and Preadolescent Nutrition Flashcards
middle childhood is ages ___ to ____
Preadolescence is ages ___ to ___ for females and
____ to ____ for males
both are considered _____ age
5-10
9-11
10-12
school age
Average annual growth: ____ in weight and ___ inches in height
Continue to have growth spurts that coincide with periods of increased appetite & intake
7 lbs
2.5 inches
In early childhood, body fat reaches a ______ then increases around age ___ in preparation for adolescent growth spurt
◼ Referred to as “_______”
◼ Boys have more LBM than girls
◼ BMI is not constant in childhood
minimum
6
BMI rebound
at this time develop _____ which is knowledge of what to do and ability to do it.
____ relationships become more important
changed from magical thinking and egocentrism to ______
self-efficacy
peer
concrete operations
in this time what happens to development of feeding skills
master using utensils
can be involves in food prep
learn about different foods and basic nutrition facts
___________ continue to have the most influence on child’s attitude about food & food choices
◼ Parents should be positive role models
◼ Family mealtimes should be encouraged
◼ Snacking
◼ Other influences:
◼ Peer influences
◼ _____
Parents & older siblings
Media
Internal controls on appetite & satiety can be altered by _____
◼ Presence of other people
◼ Time of day
◼ Availability of highly palatable food
◼ During middle childhood, children cannot consume large amounts of foods at one time, and therefore need ____ to meet their nutritional needs
external factors
snacks
Imposing controls & restriction of “forbidden foods” may increase desire & intake of those foods as well as ?
◼ may contribute to beginnings of eating disorders
◼ ignores the child’s internal cues for hunger & satiety
◼ May increase risk of obesity
◼ Lead to a nutritionally-inferior diet
DRI average EER for
BOYS
4-8
9-13
GIRLS
4-8
9-13
BOYS
1742
2279
GIRLS
1642
2071
protein needs for girls and boys 4-13 years old is _____
0.95 g/kg/day
in this age group some children do not meet needs for key nutrients=>______________
iron, zinc, & calcium
DRI for iron zinc and calcium for 4-8 and 9-13 yrs old
4-8 years old
iron is 10 mg/day
zinc is 5 mg/day
calcium is 1000 mg/day
9-13 years old
iron is 8 mg/day
zinc is 8 mg/day
calcium is 1300 mg/day
recommendation to get enough iron
meats
fortified cereal
dry beans and peas
vitamin C rich foods
recommendation to get enough fiber
fruits and veggies
whole grain breads
cereals
dried beans and peas
recommendation for fat in preadolescent and child?
limit saturated and tran FA
recommendation on how to get calcium and vitamin D
dairy products and calcium fortified foods
sunlight and vit D fortified foods
- if lactose intolerant, decrease to point of tolerance and spread sources throughout the day
For children participating in prolonged, vigorous
activities especially in hot climates=> ________ can be used to prevent dehydration and replete electrolyte losses
plain sports drinks
AAP recommends a ______ with minerals for children at high risk for developing deficiencies:
MVI
Children should engage in at least _______s of physical activity every day
Parents should:
◼ Set a good example by being physically
active themselves
◼ Encourage physical activity
◼ Limit child’s media & computer use
60 minute
____ are less active than ____
Physical activity ______ with age
________ impact level of physical activity
____________ classes in schools are decreasing
girls less than boys
decreases
Season & climate
Physical education
Participation in organized sports linked to lower incidence of overweight
AAP recommends:
◼ Organized sports should not take the place of regular
physical activity
◼ Emphasis should be on having fun over competitive
◼ Warning against intensive, specialized training for
children
iron deficiency is ____ common in children than in toddlers
____% of 6-11 year olds are iron deficient
less
4%
dental cares seen in ___% of children from 6-9 yrs old
some suggestions?
50%
limit sugary snacks
choose couples CHO instead of simple sugars
regular meal and snack times instead of continual snacks
brush teeth or rinse after eating
fluoride thru water or supplement
____ percent of children ages 6-8 years
____ percent age 9-11 years are overweight or obese
Obesity prevalence differs by race/ethnicity
◼ 38.2 percent_____
◼ 35.0 percent_____
◼ 19.1 percent_____
◼ 12.1 percent_____
32.8
35.6
Hispanic
African American
White
Asian
predictors of childhood obesity
◼ Early BMI rebound results in higher BMIs in
children
◼ Parental obesity increases risk
significant association between hours of television viewing and pediatric obesity
AAP recommends no screen devices in ________ and development of Family Media plan
◼ Healthy People 2020 objective:
◼ Increase proportion of children who view no more than _____ hours of screen time per day from 79% to 87%
bedrooms
2 hours
treatment goals for overweight and obese children age 6-11
85th - 94th
95th-98th
≥99th
weight maintenance or BMI percentile deflection down
gradual weight loss not more than 1 lb/month
weight loss max of and average of 2 lbs per week
advice to prevent CVD in school age children
25-30% calories from fat
- include omega-6 and omega-3 FA
limit fruit juice and sugar beverages
limit food high in salt, cholesterol, and saturated/trans fat
universal lipid screening between ___ and ____ yrs old
9-11
______ can provide an appropriate environment for nutrition education and learning healthy lifestyle behaviors
Schools
ensuring that all foods available in schools should be consistent with the DGA’s & DRIs
nutrition integrity
___% of U.S. children age 6-17 live in poverty
◼ Disparities in nutrition status exist among different races & ethnic groups
◼ ____________________________children are more likely to live in poverty
18%
African-America
Native-American
Hispanic-American
Financial assistance provided to schools by the federal government
National School Lunch Program
requirements for national school lunch program
◼ Lunches based on nutrition standards
◼ No discrimination between those who can and cannot
pay
◼ Operate on a non-profit basis
◼ Programs must be accountable
◼ Must participate in commodity program
nutrition standards for national school lunch program
- Fruits & vegetables daily
- Increasing whole-grain foods
- Offer only fat-free or low-fat milk varieties
- Offer meals that meet specific calorie ranges for
each age/grade group - Reduce amounts of saturated fat, trans-fat, & sodium
