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Life Cycle Nutrition > Pregnancy Part 1 > Flashcards

Pregnancy Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does LM mean?

A

last menstrual period

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2
Q

what weeks are trimester 1,2, and 3 ?

A

one is 0-13
two is 14-26
three is 27-40

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3
Q

embryo versus fetus ?

A

embryo is 0-8 weeks
fetus is after 8 weeks

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4
Q

miscarriage vs stillbirth

A

miscarriage 0-20 weeks
stillbirth after 20 weeks

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5
Q

US ranks ___ out of 36 countries for infant mortality

A

33 (not good at all)

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6
Q

to improve infant mortality, it is important to decrease ______.

A

low birth weight

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7
Q

the desirable birth weight is ______ grams or ______lb. and oz.

A

3500-4500 grams
7 lb. 12.oz - 10 lb.

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8
Q

what is gestational age?

A

from date of conception
average pregnancy is 38 weeks

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9
Q

what is menstrual age

A

assessed fro first day of last period
average pregnancy is 40 weeks

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10
Q

what are the two phases of physiological changes in pregnancy

A

maternal anabolic changes
maternal catabolic changes

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11
Q

what are some maternal anabolic changes and when do they occur

A

first half of pregnancy

  1. blood volume expands
  2. buildup fat, nutrients, glycogen stores
  3. growth of some maternal organs
  4. increased appetite
  5. decreased exercise tolerance
  6. increased anabolic hormones
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12
Q

what are some maternal catabolic changes and when do they occur

A

occur in second half of pregnancy

  1. mobilization of fat/nutrient stores
  2. increase production and blood levels of glucose, TG, FA, decreased glycogen stores
  3. accelerated fasting metabolism
  4. increased appetite and food intake decline near term
    6.increase of catabolic hormones
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13
Q

during pregnancy the body water increases from ___ to ___ which is about ____ lbs. where does this fluid come from?

A

7L to 10L
15-22 lbs
intracellular, blood, and extracellular volume, and amniotic fluid

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14
Q

what is the dilution effect

A

some vitamins and minerals becoming diluted bc of increased body water

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15
Q

what is edema

A

swelling due to accumulation of extracellular fluid
not problematic in pregnancy

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16
Q

what maintains early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus lute to produce estrogen and progesterone. also stimulates growth of the endometrium

A

hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin

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17
Q

what maintains the impact, stimulates growth of the endometrium and its secretion of nutrients, relaxes smooth muscles in the uterine blood vessels and GI tract, stimulates breast development, and promotes lipid deposition

A

progesterone

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18
Q

what increases lipid formation and storage, protein synthesis, and uterine blood flow that promotes uterine and breast duct development

A

estrogen

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19
Q

what Increases maternal insulin resistance to maintain glucose availability for fetus; promotes protein synthesis and lipolysis for energy for maternal use

A

Human chorionic somatotropin (hCS)

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20
Q

what Supports fetal growth & development by triggering metabolic changes that increase the availability glucose & amino acids

A

human placental lactogen

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21
Q

what may participate in the regulation of appetite and lipid metabolism, weight gain, and utilization of fat stores

A

leptin

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22
Q

maternal nutrition must be available for fetal growth at the times the ________ for development

A

genes are expressed

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23
Q

______ is the preferred fuel for the fetus

A

glucose

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24
Q

in first half of pregnancy, high levels of _______ stimulate insulin production, increases conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat for storage

A

estrogen and progesterone

25
Q

in second half of pregnancy, increased levels of _________ inhibit conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat. this increases maternal production of glucose by the liver

A

hCS and prolactin

26
Q

what causes women to be slightly glucose intolerant in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy?

A

diabetogenic effect of pregnancy

27
Q

with fasts more than ___ hours, pregnant women have _____ fasting metabolisms to spare glucose for the fetus.

A

12
accelerated

28
Q

Prolonged fetal utilization of ketones
associated with ________

A

abnormal growth & impaired
intellectual development

29
Q

Increased _______ is needed during pregnancy for synthesis of new maternal & fetal tissues. This is conserved during pregnancy by
reducing _______ excretion

A

protein
nitrogen

30
Q

fat stores accumulate in the ___ half of pregnancy and there is enhanced fat mobilization in the ___ half

what blood lipid levels increase and what for

A

1st
2nd

TG
cholesterol for placenta and fetus

31
Q

sodium in the body is _____ how?

A

increased
high aldosterone secretion helps retain sodium

32
Q

development of placenta _____ fetal development

A

preceeds

33
Q

what are functions of the placenta

A

hormone and enzyme production

nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus

removal of waste from fetus

barrier to some harmful compounds

34
Q

what is the structure of the placenta

A

disc shaped
3-4 layers of cells separating maternal and fetal blood

35
Q

nutrient transfer across the placenta is affected by _____.

A

size and charge
-small with little or no charge

lipid solubility
-lipids more easily

concentration of nutrients

36
Q

what is transferred by passive diffusion?

A

Water, some amino acids, glucose, free fatty acids, ketones, vitamins E & K, sodium, chloride, gases

37
Q

what is transferred thru facilitated diffusion?

A

some glucose
iron
vitamins A and D

38
Q

what is transferred by active transport?

A

water soluble vitamins
some minerals
amino acids

39
Q

what is transfeerred by endocytosis?

A

immunoglobulins
albumin

40
Q

nutrients are first used for _____ then _____ then lastly _____

A

mother
placenta
fetus

41
Q

The rate of growth & development is
higher during_____ than any other period of life

A

gestation

42
Q

critical periods are most intense in cells multiplying during _____

A

1st two months (organs and tissues form)

43
Q

_____________ is the
primary stimulator of fetal growth and Levels are decreased by maternal
undernutrition

A

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

44
Q

reduced fetal growth causes High risk of illness and death for newborns
who experience ____________

A

intrauterine growth
restriction (IUGR)

45
Q

SGA

A

small for gestational age

46
Q

dSGA

A

disproportionately small for gestational age

47
Q

pSGA

A

proportionately small for gestational age

48
Q

AGA

A

appropriate for gestational age

49
Q

LGA

A

large for gestational age

50
Q

pSGA versus dSGA

A

pSGA - weight, length, and head circumference below 10th percentile

dSGA - weight below 10th percentile but normal length and head circumference

51
Q

what are causes of dSGA and what are the risks?

A
  • malnutrition in 3rd trimester
  • short term malnutrition or low weight gain or weight loss
  • look thin, wrinkly, with small abdominal circumferences
  • hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypothermia at birth
52
Q

pSGA cause and risks?

A

long term malnutrition in utero

  • look small but well-proportioned
  • reduced cells in organs and tissues
  • catch up growth is harder for these infants
53
Q

LGA is classified as above the ___ percentile and a greater birthweight than ______.

related to _________

increases risks of ______

A

90th
4500 (10lb)

prepregnancy obesity
excessive weight gain during pregnancy

c section, postpartum hemorrhage, shoulder dystocia

54
Q

nutrition risk factors for miscarriages

A

underweight prior to pregnancy

high levels of oxidative stress in 1st half of pregnancy

55
Q

infants born preterm have higher risk of ____________.

A

neurological problems and low IQ
attention/hyperactivity disorders
congenital malformations
cerebral palsy
death

56
Q

risk factors for preterm deliveries

A

genital tract infections
not enough uterine placental blood flow
placental abruption
high stress

57
Q

risk factors for preterm deliveries

A

pre pregnancy underweight
ow weight gain
women who are obese
chronic inflammation and oxidative stress

58
Q

possible nutritional protective factors to try and prevent preterm delivery

A

prenatal MVI and folic acid supplements and adequate folate intake

fish 2-3 servings a week

exercise during pregnancy

59
Q

the ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions that threaten its immediate chances of survival

A

developmental plasticity

Life Cycle Nutrition (21 decks)

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