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Life Cycle Nutrition > Pregnancy Part 2 > Flashcards

Pregnancy Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

recommendations for weight gain are influenced by the _____ weight Status of the mother

A

pre pregnancy

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2
Q

what should you gain if you are…
-underweight
-normal weight
-overweight
-obese
-twin pregnancy

A

underweight = 28-40 lb
normal weight = 25-35 lb
overweight = 15-25 lb
obese = 11-20 lb
twin pregnancy = 25-54 lb

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3
Q

____ lb should be gained in the first trimester followed by gradual and consistent gains

A

3-5 lb

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4
Q

the fetus is only about _____ of the weight gain

A

1/3

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5
Q

___ pounds lost within the first ___ after birth

weight loss difficult in women who gained more than ____

A

14 lbs
6 weeks

44 lbs

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6
Q

energy increased due to _____,_____, and _______

the fetus accounts for ____ of energy need increase

A

protein synthesis
fat synthesus
expanded metabolic activity

1/3

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7
Q

average increase in energy requirements in pregnancy is _____ calories

A

300

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8
Q

carbohydrate requirements for pregnancy

A

45-65%
175 g/day

veggies, fruits, and whole grains to provide phytonutrients to prevent constipation

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9
Q

protein requirements in pregnancy

A

71 g/day

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10
Q

protein intake for vegetarians and vegans?

A

vegetarians are usually fine, but vegans need to increase protein by 30% due to lower digestibility

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11
Q

considerations for vegetarians

A

deficiency in some nutrients such as
- B12
- vitamin D, calcium, iron
- omega 3 fatty acids
-DHA and EPA

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12
Q

fat is a source of ______ and ______
what are the requirements?

A

13 g linoleic acid
1.4 g alpha-linolenic acid

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13
Q

sources of alpha linolenic acid

A

walnuts
soybesns
canola oils
flaxseed

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14
Q

sources of EPA and DHA include_____,

A

fish
fish oil
seafood

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15
Q

only ____ % of alpha linolenic acid is converted to EPA and DHA. what does this mean?

A

9%
need the EPA DHA sources rather than the alpha linolenic acid sources

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16
Q

what is the AI for EPA and DHA in pregnancy

A

300 mg/day

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17
Q

most. US women consume ____ of the recommended EPA and DHA

A

1/3

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18
Q

intake for pregnant women for EPA and DHA is _______

A

500 mg per day

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19
Q

for normal women intakes above ____ of EPA and DHA may result in excessive bleeding

A

3g per day

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20
Q

recommended that pregnant women consume _____ serving of cooked fish and seafood a week.

avoiding these: _______

A

2-3 4oz

swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish, and shark

21
Q

water consumption recommendation during pregnancy

A

9 cups

22
Q

what are the functions of folate

A

cofactor in metabolic reactions involved in replication in replication and amino acid metabolism

23
Q

inadequate availability of folate between _____ days after conception can cause ____

A

21-27 days
NTD (neural tube defects)

24
Q

what are neural tube defects and types

A

malformations of the spinal cord and brain
- spina bifida
- anencephaly
- encephalocele

25
Q

what is spina bifida

A

failure for spinal cord to close
collection of spinal fluid
(sac or patch of dark hair)

26
Q

what is anencephaly

A

brain and skull missing
die shortly after birth

27
Q

what is encephalocele

A

proturusion of brain thru back of skull
severity depends on location

28
Q

recommended intwake of dietaqry folate equivalents (DFE)

A

600 mcg

29
Q

1 DFE = ___ food folate
1 DFE - ___ folic acid from fortified foods or supplements

A

1 mcg

0.6 g

30
Q

vitamin A in pregnancy is needed for _____________

take no more than ____ if taking supplements
14-18 yrs old DRI fro pregnancy = ____
18+ yrs old DRI fro pregnancy = ____

A

cell differentiation

5000 IU (1500 mcg)

750 mcg (2500 IU)
770 mcg (2567 IU)

31
Q

what is vitamin D needed for in pregnancy?
DRI for pregnancy is _____

A

fetal growth, addition of calcium to bone, immune system

15 mcg

32
Q

what is choline important for?

AI for pregnancy is _____

A

component in phospholipids in cell membraines and intracellular messengers
-brain growth

450 mg

33
Q

calcium needs in pregnancy ?

if mother doesn’t intake enough, bones can release_____

A

peak in 3rd trimester
fetal bones

lead

34
Q

additional _____ of iron needed for pregnancy.

which is ____ per day

A

1000 mg

27 mg/day

35
Q

rates of iron deficiency through pregnancy ?

A

get higher throughout each trimester
- highest in 3rd

36
Q

indicators of iron deficiency in pregnancy?

A

serum ferritin
-depleted stores = <20 ng/ml
-iron deficiency = ≤15 ng/ml

serum hemoglobin (HgB)
-1st trimester = <11 g/dl
-2nd trimester = <10.5 g/dl
-3rd trimester = <11 g/dl

37
Q

recommended that pregnant women take a ___ iron supplement daily after the ___ week of pregnancy (take supplement containing only iron)

A

30 mg
12th week

38
Q

side effects of iron?
problems if doeses are above 30mg?

A

nausea and constipation
interfere with zinc absorbtion

39
Q

iodone is required in pregnancy for ________

A

thyroid function
energy production
brain development

40
Q

phytochemicals such as antioxidant pigments in plant foods are needed for ____________________

A

protect fetal DNA from oxidative damage

41
Q

does caffiene affect pregnancy

A

moderate intake is okay (2-3 cups coffee a day)

42
Q

how to deal with taste and smell changes in pregnancy that may cause nausea

A

cold foods
smaller meals
big meal when you feel okay

43
Q

food borne illness susceptibility in pregnancy is increased due to elated _____ levels

examples?

A

progeaterone

  1. listeria monocytogenes
  2. toxoplasma gondii
44
Q

listeria monocytogenes

A

can cause miscarriage and stillbirth

  • avoid raw or smoked fish/meat
  • unpasteurozed cheese or milk
45
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

can cause fetal mental retardation
blindness
seizures
death

-raw or undercooked meat
-surface of fruits and veggies

46
Q

how to manage nausea and vomitting

A

continue to gain weight
seperate liquid and solid food intake
avoid odors that trigger it
tolerate high carb foods better

vitamin B6
ginger

47
Q

what can cause GERD in pregnancy

A

progesterone causes relaxation of the muscles in GI

48
Q

management of GERD in pregnancy

A

small frequent meals
do not eat before bed
avoid foods that make it worse
elevate head and upper body while sleeping

49
Q

how to prevent constipation

A

consume 30 grams of fiber daily
drink lots of water with the fiber
excercise

Life Cycle Nutrition (21 decks)

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