Pregnancy Part 2 Flashcards
recommendations for weight gain are influenced by the _____ weight Status of the mother
pre pregnancy
what should you gain if you are…
-underweight
-normal weight
-overweight
-obese
-twin pregnancy
underweight = 28-40 lb
normal weight = 25-35 lb
overweight = 15-25 lb
obese = 11-20 lb
twin pregnancy = 25-54 lb
____ lb should be gained in the first trimester followed by gradual and consistent gains
3-5 lb
the fetus is only about _____ of the weight gain
1/3
___ pounds lost within the first ___ after birth
weight loss difficult in women who gained more than ____
14 lbs
6 weeks
44 lbs
energy increased due to _____,_____, and _______
the fetus accounts for ____ of energy need increase
protein synthesis
fat synthesus
expanded metabolic activity
1/3
average increase in energy requirements in pregnancy is _____ calories
300
carbohydrate requirements for pregnancy
45-65%
175 g/day
veggies, fruits, and whole grains to provide phytonutrients to prevent constipation
protein requirements in pregnancy
71 g/day
protein intake for vegetarians and vegans?
vegetarians are usually fine, but vegans need to increase protein by 30% due to lower digestibility
considerations for vegetarians
deficiency in some nutrients such as
- B12
- vitamin D, calcium, iron
- omega 3 fatty acids
-DHA and EPA
fat is a source of ______ and ______
what are the requirements?
13 g linoleic acid
1.4 g alpha-linolenic acid
sources of alpha linolenic acid
walnuts
soybesns
canola oils
flaxseed
sources of EPA and DHA include_____,
fish
fish oil
seafood
only ____ % of alpha linolenic acid is converted to EPA and DHA. what does this mean?
9%
need the EPA DHA sources rather than the alpha linolenic acid sources
what is the AI for EPA and DHA in pregnancy
300 mg/day
most. US women consume ____ of the recommended EPA and DHA
1/3
intake for pregnant women for EPA and DHA is _______
500 mg per day
for normal women intakes above ____ of EPA and DHA may result in excessive bleeding
3g per day
recommended that pregnant women consume _____ serving of cooked fish and seafood a week.
avoiding these: _______
2-3 4oz
swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish, and shark
water consumption recommendation during pregnancy
9 cups
what are the functions of folate
cofactor in metabolic reactions involved in replication in replication and amino acid metabolism
inadequate availability of folate between _____ days after conception can cause ____
21-27 days
NTD (neural tube defects)
what are neural tube defects and types
malformations of the spinal cord and brain
- spina bifida
- anencephaly
- encephalocele
what is spina bifida
failure for spinal cord to close
collection of spinal fluid
(sac or patch of dark hair)
what is anencephaly
brain and skull missing
die shortly after birth
what is encephalocele
proturusion of brain thru back of skull
severity depends on location
recommended intwake of dietaqry folate equivalents (DFE)
600 mcg
1 DFE = ___ food folate
1 DFE - ___ folic acid from fortified foods or supplements
1 mcg
0.6 g
vitamin A in pregnancy is needed for _____________
take no more than ____ if taking supplements
14-18 yrs old DRI fro pregnancy = ____
18+ yrs old DRI fro pregnancy = ____
cell differentiation
5000 IU (1500 mcg)
750 mcg (2500 IU)
770 mcg (2567 IU)
what is vitamin D needed for in pregnancy?
DRI for pregnancy is _____
fetal growth, addition of calcium to bone, immune system
15 mcg
what is choline important for?
AI for pregnancy is _____
component in phospholipids in cell membraines and intracellular messengers
-brain growth
450 mg
calcium needs in pregnancy ?
if mother doesn’t intake enough, bones can release_____
peak in 3rd trimester
fetal bones
lead
additional _____ of iron needed for pregnancy.
which is ____ per day
1000 mg
27 mg/day
rates of iron deficiency through pregnancy ?
get higher throughout each trimester
- highest in 3rd
indicators of iron deficiency in pregnancy?
serum ferritin
-depleted stores = <20 ng/ml
-iron deficiency = ≤15 ng/ml
serum hemoglobin (HgB)
-1st trimester = <11 g/dl
-2nd trimester = <10.5 g/dl
-3rd trimester = <11 g/dl
recommended that pregnant women take a ___ iron supplement daily after the ___ week of pregnancy (take supplement containing only iron)
30 mg
12th week
side effects of iron?
problems if doeses are above 30mg?
nausea and constipation
interfere with zinc absorbtion
iodone is required in pregnancy for ________
thyroid function
energy production
brain development
phytochemicals such as antioxidant pigments in plant foods are needed for ____________________
protect fetal DNA from oxidative damage
does caffiene affect pregnancy
moderate intake is okay (2-3 cups coffee a day)
how to deal with taste and smell changes in pregnancy that may cause nausea
cold foods
smaller meals
big meal when you feel okay
food borne illness susceptibility in pregnancy is increased due to elated _____ levels
examples?
progeaterone
- listeria monocytogenes
- toxoplasma gondii
listeria monocytogenes
can cause miscarriage and stillbirth
- avoid raw or smoked fish/meat
- unpasteurozed cheese or milk
toxoplasma gondii
can cause fetal mental retardation
blindness
seizures
death
-raw or undercooked meat
-surface of fruits and veggies
how to manage nausea and vomitting
continue to gain weight
seperate liquid and solid food intake
avoid odors that trigger it
tolerate high carb foods better
vitamin B6
ginger
what can cause GERD in pregnancy
progesterone causes relaxation of the muscles in GI
management of GERD in pregnancy
small frequent meals
do not eat before bed
avoid foods that make it worse
elevate head and upper body while sleeping
how to prevent constipation
consume 30 grams of fiber daily
drink lots of water with the fiber
excercise
