Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life Cycle Nutrition > Preconception > Flashcards

Preconception Flashcards

1
Q

data for proportion of women who had a healthy weight before pregnancy has _______.

A

decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

data for the proportion of women of childbearing age who get enough folic acid is _______.

A

staying the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

percent of women aged 20-44 years at risk of unintended pregnancy using concraceptive has ________.

A

improved/increasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

data for females aged 15 to 19 years at risk of unintended pregnancy using contraception has _____.

A

stayed the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

healthy couples have a ___% chance of getting pregnant within a given menstrual cycle

A

20-25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

if couple fails to conceive within ____ of attempting pregnancy they can be considered infertile. ___% of couples struggle with this.

A

1 year
15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

____% of couples diagnosed as infertile with conceive within ____ without use of fertility treatment.

A

44%
3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chances of conceiving decreases as men and women age beyond _____

A

35 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

reduced level of fertility characterized by an unusually long time (over a year) for conception

A

subfertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what percent of couples are subfertile?

A

18%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

subfertility can improve with changes in ______

A

diet and weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

examples of subfertility

A

sperm abnormalities
infrequent ovulation
having multiple miscarriages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is miscarriage and what percent of conceptions experience this?

A

loss of embryo in 1st 20 weeks
9%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some known causes of miscarriages?

A

severe defect in fetus (most common)
maternal infection
structural abnormalities of the uterus
endocrine or immunological distribuantes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

men sperm production begins in ____, and continues until _____ somewhat decreases after age of ____

A

puberty
death
35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

females are born with _____ immature ova, and _____ remain by the onset of puberty. _____ ova will mature and be released for possible fertilization during fertile years

A

7 million
1 million
400 - 500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

menstrual cycle involves a 4 week interval in which hormones direct build up of ______ in uterus. ovum matures and is released.

A

blood and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

female gonads that make eggs and secretes female sex hormones

A

ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tubes through which oocytes are propelled from an ovary to the uterus. usual site of fertilization

A

fallopian tube
oviduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chamber in which embryo develops, includes myometrium muscle layer and endoetrium lining near opening. secretes mucus into the vagina

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

birth canal

A

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
estrogen
progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by __________. what does it do?

A

hypothalamus

stimulates pituitary gland to release FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do? when?

A

stimulates ovarian follicle growth & maturation
estrogen secretion
endometrial changes

first part of menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does Luteinizing hormone (LH) do?

A

stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is a follicle?

A

fluid filled sac containing the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does estrogren do?

A

stimulates release of GnRH in follicular phase
stimulates thickening of uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

prepares uterus for fertilized ovum and to maintain a pregnancy

stimulates uterine lining buildup

stimulates cell division of fertilized ova

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where is estrogen found?

A

ovaries
testies
fat cells
corpus ludem
placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where is progesterone found?

A

ovaries
placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular phase
luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the follicular phase and what occurs in it?

A

first half of menstrual cycle

  • follicle growth and maturation
  • estrogen and progesterone prompt uterine wall to store nutrients and to expand the growth of blood vessels and connective tissue

around 14 days = surge of LH = ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the luteal phase?

A

last half of menstrual cycle
begins after ovulation

  • formation of corpus luteum
  • estrogen and progesterone further stimulate the development of the endometrium
  • if ovum not fertilized, estrogen and progesterone drop and menstrual flow occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

ovulation is the biological fertile window defines as the ____ days up to and including the day of ovulation

the 2 day ovulation window is _____

A

6 days
day before and day of ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how to tell if your ovulating?

A

extra cervical mucus that is stringy and long
temperature slightly higher that before

36
Q

in male reproductive system _____ signals release of _______, which trigger production of _____ by the _____.

_________ stimulate the maturation of sperm which takes _____

mature sperm are stored in the ______ and releases as _____.

A

GnRH
FSH & LH
testosterone
testes

testosterone and other androgens
70-80 days

epididymis
semen

37
Q

How does nutritional factors affect fertility?

A

modify levels of hormones
alter the environment in which eggs and sperm develop

  • this is temporary and will return to normal once problem is corrected
38
Q

how does acute undernutrition affect fertility?

A

modifies hormones that regulate menstrual cycle
impairs sperm maturation

  • recovers when food intake increases
39
Q

how does chronic undernutrition affect fertility

A

birth pf small and frail infants with high likelihood of death In the first year of life

40
Q

BMI of greater than ____ is required to have enough body fat to have a normal reproduction in women

Underweight results in ______ and ______
low levels of body fat in adolescence in linked to _____

A

20
amenorrhea and delayed time to conception
reduce fertility later in life

41
Q

what drug is used to help women get pregnant, but doesn’t work if underweight. what does it do?

A

clomid
double amount of eggs released

42
Q

in normal weight women, weight loss more than ____ % decreases estrogen FSH and LH concentrations. this results in _____ and _____. it is estimated that ____ of cases of impaired fertility is related to weight loss

A

10-15 %
ammenorrhea and anovulation
30%

43
Q

how does underweight affect male fertiloty?

A

lowered libido
reduced sperm prodcution
decreased sperm viability and motility

44
Q

Obesity is associated with ________ in
men and women due to alterations in
hormone

A

subfertility

45
Q

how does obesity affect ferility in women

A

insulin resistance and increased insulin levels cause more androgens by the ovaries
-anovulation
-irregular menstrual cycle
-delayed time of comception

46
Q

how does obesity affect fertility in men?

A

lower levels of testosterone
higher estrogen
-low sperm production and erectile dysfunction

elevated blood glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids increase production of reactive oxygen molecule that trigger oxidative stress
-leads to sperm damage

47
Q

Increasing _________, even without
weight loss, can decrease the negative
metabolic effects of obesity

A

physical activity

48
Q

Adequate intake of __________ nutrients may help to prevent oxidative stress

___________ is beneficial for improving insulin resistance

A

antioxidant
Aerobic exercise

49
Q

after bariatric fertility, can fertiliy improve?
what are some risks?
how long should women wait?

A

yes
micronutrient deficiencies
12-18 months

50
Q

what is oxidative stress?

A

when production of free radicals is greater than the body’s antioxidant defenses

51
Q

how does oxidative stress affect fertility in mean and women?

A

men
- decrease sperm motility and ability to fuse with egg

women
- harm egg and follicular development
- interfere with corpus luteum function and implantation of the egg

52
Q

oxidative stress found in about ____% of infertile men

A

50%

53
Q

what protects eggs and sperm from oxidative stress

A

antioxidants
-vitamin E, C, beta-carotene, selenium
- dark green veggies, orange and red veggies, citris frutis

54
Q

what micronutrients plays a role in MEN in sperm maturation, testosterone synthesis, reduction of oxidative stress?

A

zinc
- osters
- shell fish
- legumes

55
Q

what micronutrient is important in fertility in WOMEN to prevent lack of ovulation

A

iron

56
Q

_____% of U.S. women of childbearing age
have iron deficiency and ___ have low
iron stores

A

9-16%
14%

57
Q

what is the affect of alcohol on fertility?

A

decrease fertility by disrupting menstrual cycles and decreased sperm count

58
Q

effects of excercise of fertility

A

INTENSE physical activity
-low fat=low estrogen
-lack menstrual cycles

59
Q

inadequate ____ very early in pregnancy can cause neural tube defects (NTD)

what role does it have

A

folate

required for DNA replication and amino acid synthesis

60
Q

low folate levels tend to be higher in _____

A

african american women

61
Q

Excessive vitamin_____ intake increases the
risk of fetal facial and heart abnormalities

________ deficiency in early pregnancy
associated with increased risk of impaired
intellectual and physical development in
offspring.

A

A
Iodine

62
Q

____ deficiency can cause risk of preterm birth

A

iron

63
Q

If pregnant, Consume ______ of folic acid from fortified foods or supplements in addition to dietary folate
If on vitamin A supplements, take no more
than _______ of Vitamin A (______) from supplements daily

A

400 mcg

retinol or retinoic acid
10,000 IU

64
Q

cessation of menstruation related to changes in hypothalamic signals that maintain secretion of hormones required for ovulation
- causes suppressed activity of ___

A

hypothalamic Amenorrhea
GnRH

65
Q

what is sports-related amenorrhea

A

relative energy deficient in sports (RED-S)

66
Q

risks of diabetes mellitus prior to pregnancvy

A

high blood glucose levels during the first 2 months of pregnancy are teratogenic

  • associated with 2-3 fol increase in congenital abnormalities
  • malformations of pelvis, CNS, and heart
  • higher rate of miscarriage
  • large babies, born earlier, c section
67
Q

nutrition management of DM (diabetes miellitus)

A

consistant carb intake
low SFA and TFA
reduce sodium intake less than 2300 mg
enough fiber

68
Q

what is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

A

rotterdam criteria (2 of the 3 symptoms)

  1. irregular or no ovulation
  2. high androgen male hormone) levels or symptoms of high levels
  3. multiple immature follicles on the ovaries
69
Q

PCOS is a leading cause of female infertility including ____ % of women in reproductive age

A

5-10%

70
Q

what is the cause of PCOS

A

unknown but appear to be insulin resistance, inflammation, hormone imbalance, and gut imbalance

genetic

71
Q

nutritional management of PCOS

A

primary goal is to increase insulin sensitivity
weight loss
excercise

72
Q

insulin sensitizing drug used for PCOS

A

metformin

73
Q

what is celiac disease

A

autoimmune disease characterized by a sensitivity to prolamins found in wheat, rye, and barley

  • chronic T-lymphocyte mediated inflammatory response
74
Q

what happens if ppl with celiac disease eat these prolamins

A

inflammation and damage to the mucosa in small intestines

75
Q

celiac disease in males with fertility

A

untreated causes alteration in androgen action, delayed sexual maturation, and hypogonadism

76
Q

females fertility with celiac disease

A

untreated is associated with amenorrhea, increase chance of misscairage, and LBW infants

-from malabsorption and inflammation

77
Q

nutrition management of celiac disease

A

eliminate all sources of gluten in diet

educate on hidden sources of gluten and cross contamination

correction of vitamin and mineral deficiencies

78
Q

Common condition occurring among
women of reproductive age characterized
by life-disrupting physiological &
psychological changes that begin in the
luteal phase & end with menses

A

PMS or premenstrual syndrome

79
Q

____ % of menstruating women have PMS

A

20-40%

80
Q

What is a severe form of PMS characterized by mood swings, depression, irritability, anxiety, disruptions of personal relationships, and physical symptoms

A

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

81
Q

PMDD occurs in ____% of menstruating women

A

5%

82
Q

how is PMDD diagnosed?

A

when 5 or more symptoms of PMDD occur during most menstrual cycles

83
Q

what is the cause of PMS/PMDD

A

unclear but related to hormonal changes

84
Q

PMS treatment

A

use of hormones and drugs that suspend ovulation by modifying levels of estrogen and progesterone or address specific symptoms

daily physical activity and stress reduction

85
Q

what nutrition interventions (supplements) can help PMS

A

calcium 500 mg/day
vitamin B6 100 mg/day

Life Cycle Nutrition (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions