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Life Cycle Nutrition > Lactation > Flashcards

Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

early writing in the 1900s pointed out __________ related to bottle fed infants.

mortality charts showed a clear difference between breastfed and bottle-feed infants

A

infectious hazards

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2
Q

in the first half of 20th century, thoughts toward the female breast was that it was ______

in the second half of the 20th century women wanted _______

A

meant to be a sex object and not for breastfeeding

the right to choose how they fed their infants

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3
Q

percent of infants breastfed at 6 months is highest in the ______

what two states have above 70% ?

A

north west

hawaii and vermont

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4
Q

fewer ______ infants are ever breastfed compared to asian, white, and Hispanic infants

A

black

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5
Q

infants eligible for WIC are ____ likely to breastfeed.

A

less

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6
Q

who is more likely to breastfeed?

younger mothers aged 20-29 or mothers who are 30 years and older

A

mothers who are 30 yrs or older

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7
Q

what are the functional units of the mammary glands?

A

alveoli - rounded or oblong shaped cavity in the breast

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8
Q

each alveolus is composed of ________

A

secretory cells with a duct in the center

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9
Q

secretory cells in the mammary gland is responsible for _________

A

secreting milk

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10
Q

myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland is responsible for __________

A

contracting to cause milk ejection into ducts

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11
Q

During puberty, the ovaries mature and release ________________ that stimulates breast development.

usually completed within ____ months after menarche.

A

estrogen and progesterone
12-18 months

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12
Q

lactogenesis stage 1

A
  • begins during the last trimester through the 1st few days postpartum
  • milk formation begins
    -lactose and protein content increases
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13
Q

lactogenesis II

A

starts 2-5 days after birth

onset of copious milk secretion (milk comes in)

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14
Q

lactogenesis III

A

begins at about 10 days after birth

  • milk composition becomes stable
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15
Q

what hormone promotes milk production, stimulated by suckling

where is it made

A

prolactin

pituitary gland

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16
Q

what is responsible for ejection of milk into the milk gland

tingling of the breast

stimulated by sucking or nipple stimulation

A

oxytocin release

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17
Q

what happens when the letdown reflex occurs?

A

stimulates milk release from the breast

  • infant suckling stimulates nerves
  • oxytocin release from pituitary
  • contraction of myoeptithelial cells
  • milk is released
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18
Q

lactose is made in the __________

A

secretory cells

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19
Q

water sodium potassium chloride pass through the alveolar through ________

A

passive diffusion

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20
Q

milk fat comes from the _____ from the mother’s blood and from new _______

A

TG
FA produced in the breast

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21
Q

__________ and other plasma proteins are captures from the mothers blood and taken into the alveolar cells and then secreted into the ducts

A

immunoglobin A

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22
Q

human milk composition changes over ________________.

A

a single feeding
over a day
based on age of the infant
presence of infection in the breast
with menses
and with maternal nutrition status

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23
Q

the first milk secreted during the first few days postpartum

A

colostrum

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24
Q

colostrum concentration

A

higher in protein
lower in CHO and fat

PRIMARY PROTEINS
- secretory IgA
- lactoferrin

high [ ] of mononuclear cells

rlly high vitamin A

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25
Q

colostrum is made in what phase of lactogenesis?

A

stage II

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26
Q

______ is the major component in human milk

A

water

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27
Q

energy of breast milk

A

0.65-0.70 kcal/mL (mature milk)

ranges from 20.9 - 26.2 kcal/oz

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28
Q

breastfed infants consume _____ calories than infanta fed with formula and are usually ______

A

fewer

thinner

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29
Q

feedings decrease after 1st month. at the very beginning there can be ____ feedings a day

A

10-12

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30
Q

lipids provide ____ calories in human milk
fat content is higher in the ______

A

1/2

hindmilk

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31
Q

DHA is essential for _____

A

retinal development
higher IQ

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32
Q

cholesterol is higher in human milk or formula ?

A

human milk

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33
Q

protein in breast mil is determined by __________

A

age of infant

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34
Q

two types of protein in human milk?

A

whey
casein

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35
Q

these proteins in human milk allow it to be ________

A

easily digestible

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36
Q

whey is ______ in water
includes enzymes that ______ and ________
EX:_____

A

soluble
aid in digestion and protect against bacteria

ex: lactoferrin - carries iron in a form that is easy to absorb

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37
Q

casein is the main protein in _____ milk
digestive products help keep ____ soluble and help with its absorbtion

A

mature
calcium

38
Q

what is the dominant carb in breast milk

A

lactose

39
Q

what does lactose do for the baby

A

enhances calcium absorbtion

40
Q

what do oligosaccharides do for the baby from breastmilk

A

prevents binding of pathogenic microbes
prevents diarrhea

41
Q

vitamin A has about twice the concentration in _____
some is in the form of ______ hence the color

A

colostrum
beta-carotene

42
Q

vitamin D in milk depend on ______

A

maternal exposure to sunlight

43
Q

vitamin ___ levels are related to milk’s fat content
the levels are adequate for infants with the exception of ______

A

E
premies

44
Q

about 5% of breastfed infants are at risk for deficiency based on vitamin ___ dependent clotting factors
deficiency can cause ______

A

K
prick in heal when they are born to inject vitamin K
hemorrhage

45
Q

vitamin B12 and folate are bound to _____ so they are less influenced by maternal diet

low B12 in women who_____

A

whey proteins

have hypothyroidism or latent pernicious anemia
are vegans or malnourished
have had gastric bypass

46
Q

_____ content is related to growth rate of infant. concentration decreases over first four months, except for __________

A

minerals
magnesium

47
Q

lower mineral content is easier for the _____ to process

A

kidneys

48
Q

exclusively breastfed infants have very low risk of anemia despite _____

A

low iron content in milk

49
Q

zinc is important for _____ and is
_____, so it is highly available
there is a rare defect in mammary gland uptake of zinc that may cause deficiency that appears as _______

A

human growth
bound to protein
diaper rash

50
Q

in general trace mineral are not altered by mother’s diet, except for _______

A

flouride

51
Q

does the flavor of breastmilk change ?

A

yes, it changes woth changes in the mothers diet

52
Q

hormonal benefits of breastfeeding

A

increased oxytocin stimulates uterus contractions to return to prepregnancy status

53
Q

physical benefits of breastfeeding

A

delay in monthly ovulation
may have lower risk of breast and ovarian cancer, and arthritis

54
Q

psychosocial benefits of breastfeeding

A

increased self-confidence and bonding with infant

55
Q

what is analgesic effect

A

reduction of infant pain from breastmilk

56
Q

it was determined that of 90% of families in the united states breastfed for 6 months, _____ per year could be saved

A

13 billion

57
Q

milk synthesis is related to

A

amount of time that infant nurses

  • if you skip feeding, supply can get messed up
58
Q

milk supply with pumping or expressing milk

A

insufficient milk production is common among women who express milk

may need 8-12 expressions a day

59
Q

breast pump can be used for ____

A
  • relieving engorgement
  • stimulating and increasing milk production
  • collecting milk for sick infant
  • provided milk for donation
60
Q

certain pumps are covered by ________

A

insurance

61
Q

on countertop…
freshly expressed or pumped for ______
thawed from frozen for ______

A

4 hours
1-2 hours

62
Q

In refrigerator
freshly expressed or pumped for ______
thawed from frozen for ______

A

up to 4 days
up to 1 day

63
Q

freezer
freshly expressed or pumped for ______
thawed from frozen for ______

A

6 months is best and 12 is okay
never refreeze

64
Q

leftover milk from a baby feeding can be used within ____

A

2 hours

65
Q

can women breastfeed after breast reduction or augmentation surgery?

A

greater chance of lactation insufficiency
- location and amount of tissue removed determines ability

66
Q

is there an effect of breast implants

A

silicone concentration of breast milk is not elevated

67
Q

what are some feeding cues?

A
  • rooting, turning the head
  • increasing alertness, rapid eye movement
  • flexing of arms and legs
  • hand to mouth
  • sucking on fist or finger
  • mouthing motions of lips and tongue
68
Q

gag reflex

A

prevents infant from taking food and fluid into lungs

69
Q

oral search reflex

A

infant opens mouth wide when close to breast and thrusts tongue forward

70
Q

rooting

A

turning the head, especially with searching movements of the mouth and subtle body movements

71
Q

women can use their _____ to shape and position the breast so the infant can easily latch

A

hand

72
Q

types of breastfeeding holds

A

lay back hold
football or clutch hold
cross cuddle hold

73
Q

how to get attatchment

A

nose opposit to nipple
touch babys botttom lip to the breast
babys lips should be out and all areoli in their mouth

74
Q

how do you know if the baby had enough?

A

they will be relaxed when detatched

75
Q

allow infant to nurse on one breast as long as they want to ensure they get ______

A

the hindmilk with high fat

76
Q

stomach emptying occurs in ____ hours for breastfed infants.
_____ feeding a day is normal for newborns

A

1.5 hours
8-12

77
Q

normal weight for newborns is up to ____ percent in first ____ days

weightloss of above ___% should indicate an evaluation of milk transfer is needed

A

7%
5 days

10%

78
Q

malnourished infants become _____,_______,______,_____

A

sleepy
non responsive
have a weak cry
few wet diapers

79
Q

by day 5-7, infants should have _____ wet diapers and ____ soiled diapers

A

6
3-4

80
Q

all children should be seen by a dentist ____ after first tooth erupts or at _____ of age

A

6 months
1 yr

81
Q

vitamin supplements needed for breastfeeding infants

A

vitamin K
Vitamin D (400 IU/day) beginning at 2 months old

  • usually a liquid dropper u use and drop into babys back of mouth
82
Q

breastfeeding account for _____ calories spent in first 6 months and then ____ after that. During exclusive feeding, protein intake should be ______ by ______ then ____ later

A

500 kcal
400 kcal

increased
21 g/day
14 g/day

83
Q

fluid demands increase when breastfeedin so women should _____

A

drink to thirst and evaluate urine

84
Q

vegan should include _______ and plant sources of ________ while breastfeeding

A

fortified soy products
vitamin B12

85
Q

what is th4e definition of colic

A

3 bouts of high pitched crying for more than 3 hrs/day and for more than 3 days per week for more than 3 weeks in a well nourished, otherwise healthy baby

86
Q

colic usually starts after week ____ and resolves by _____

A

2 weeks
4 months

87
Q

what MAY help colic

A

avoid allergen food like soy, eggs, wheat, fish

88
Q

what is rooming-in

A

allowinf mother and infant to remain together 24 hours per day during the birth hospitalization

89
Q

what is the practice of placing the infant directly on the mother or other caregiver in an effort to maximize surface to surface contact

A

skin to skin care

90
Q

health benefits for both the mother and newborn in skin to skin

A

help initiate breastfeeding
stabilize glucose levels
maintaining infant body temperature
allows baby to colonize same bacteria as mother

91
Q

it is recomended not to introduce pacifer until _______
pacifiers can also reduce the risk of _____

A

breastfeeding is established
SIDS

92
Q

workplace support for breastfeeding

A

rigid work schedules
not enough paid maternity leave
lack of on site locations to pummp

Life Cycle Nutrition (21 decks)

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