Adolescent Nutrition Flashcards
adolescence is between ages ___ and ____
______ occurs during adolescence
11-21
puberty
biological changes of puberty include
____ maturation
increases in ____ and ____
accumulation of _______
changes in _______
sexual
height and weight
skeletal mass
body composition
The ____ of onset, duration, and speed of the events of puberty vary greatly between individuals
* Variations in reaching sexual maturity affect _______ requirements of adolescents
- Sexual maturation (or ________ age)—not chronological age—should be used to assess growth and development and individual nutritional needs
age
nutrition
biological
girls first signs of puberty from ages ___ to ____
menarche occurs ___ to ___ years after initial development of _____
age of menarche may ranges from _ to ___ yrs with the average being ____
8-13 yrs
2-4 yrs
breast buds
8-17 yrs
12.5 yrs
Menarche may be delayed in highly competitive athletes or in girls who severely restrict calorie intake
* Early onset of menarche (by age ____ yrs) is ___ times
more likely among girls with overweight or obesity
10.6
4x
Linear growth spurt in females:
* Begins between ______ yrs with peak linear growth occurring
~ ____ months prior to menarche
* Lasts ~ _____ months
* Peak velocity of linear growth ~age _____
* During peak of growth spurt females gain ~ ____ inches per year
* Ceases by age ___ for most females
* May be delayed or slowed among those who severely restrict intake
9.5-14.5
6-12 months before menarche
24-26 months
14.4
3.5
16
Peak weight gain follows linear growth spurt by _____ months
* Peak velocity of weight gain occurs ~ _____ yrs of age
* Gain of ~_____ lb per year during peak
* Increase in fat body mass from ~____- ___% at full maturity
* ____% body fat is required for menarche to occur ___% required for development & maintenance of regular ovulatory cycles
3-6 months
12.5 years
18.3 lbs
16% to 26%
17%
25%
Adolescent females often view this normal accumulation of body fat as ______
Weight dissatisfaction can lead to unhealthy behaviors:
* Excessive caloric restriction and dieting
* Use of diet pills, laxatives
* Fasting
* Development of eating disorders or body image distortions
negative
Males First signs of puberty occur ___ yrs
- ____ years being the avg age
- Males show great deal of variation in chronological age at which sexual maturation takes place => ______ yrs
(average age ~ ___) - Peak velocity of linear growth at age ____
- At peak, will increase height by ______ inches/yr
- Linear growth stops at age ____
10.5-14.5 yrs
11.6 years
12.7-17 yrs
14 yrs
14.4 yrs old
2.8-4.8 inches/yr
21yrs old
Peak weight gain for males coincides with peak linear growth and peak muscle mass accumulation
* Peak weight gain=> ~____ lb per year
* Body fat decreases to ~____% by the end of puberty
20 lbs
12%
Almost half of adult peak bone mass is accrued during adolescence
* Adequate intake of _____________ during adolescence is critical to support optimal bone growth & development
calcium, phosphorus, & protein
Adolescents develop:
* A sense of personal _____
* A __________ value system
* Feelings of __________
* A vision of ________ aspirations
identity
moral & ethical
self-esteem or self-worth
occupational
> ____% of adolescents use vitamin-mineral supplements
Most common supplements are
* Multivitamin
* Vitamin ____ – most common individual supplement used
* Calcium
* Iron
* Vitamin E
* B-vitamin complex
> 26%
Vitamin C
Supplement use is positively correlated with household income, high food-security status, having health insurance, & parental education
* Adolescents who take vitamin/mineral supplement tend to consume a more _________ diet
* Also positively correlated with meeting physical activity goals, consuming more fruits & vegetables, and <2 hours of TV/screen time
nutritional adequate
Reasons for taking herbal products include:
* ________ loss
* Build _______
* Treatment of ____
* To increase _______
- More studies needed since many herbal products have potentially dangerous side effects
weight loss
build muscle
ADHD
energy and stamina
Reasons adolescents adopt a vegetarian diets include:
* Cultural or religious beliefs
* Moral or environmental concerns (animal welfare)
* Health beliefs
* To restrict fat and/or calories
* A means of exerting independence from family
Have been found to be _____ than omnivores during childhood
* Begin puberty at a _____ age
* After puberty, are _______
shorter & leaner
later
taller and leaner
Well-planned vegetarian diets can offer many health advantages
* Can provide adequate protein for growth particularly if small amounts of _______ foods are consumed at least ___x/wk
animal-derived
2 times/week
Vegans may have inadequate intakes of:
- Protein
- Calcium, Zinc, & Iron
- Vitamins D, B6, & B12
- Long-chain n-3 fatty acids
on average, diets are low in____ and high in ________, _______, and _____
* Intake of _____ is especially low
fiber
saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars
dairy
Data from NHANES: adolescents’ diets consist of
- Less than ___ serving of vegetables per day
- Less than ___ serving of fruits per day
- Adequate intake of _____ but _____ less than adequate
- ___% of total calories from added sugars
1
1
grains
whole grains
21%
U.S. adolescents have inadequate intake of vitamins & minerals including:
- folate
- vitamins A, B6, C, & E
- iron & zinc
- magnesium
- phosphorus & calcium
Increases in LBM, skeletal mass, & body fat during puberty result in energy & nutrient needs that exceed those at any other point of life
* The ____ provide the best estimate of nutritional needs for adolescents
DRIs
Energy needs are influenced by:
* Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
* Pubertal growth & development
* Activity level
* Because males have greater increases in ht, wt, & LBM they have a higher caloric needs than females
* Level of physical activity ______ during adolescence (particularly in females) resulting in _______ energy requirements
declines
reduced
