THORACIC WALL & LUNGS Flashcards
The breast gland is a ___ gland
modified sweat gland - instead of producing sweat it not produces milk
what are the three phases of the breast gland
Active phase
Resting phase
Menopause phase
What occurs to breast tissue with age
most of it is replaced by fat post menopause and held together by suspensory ligaments
Breast is imbedded in _____
superficial fascia
What is the opening at the ends of nipples called
lactiferous duct
How many lactiferous ducts are there in a nipple
~16-20
Are the lobes of the breast releasing milk as one or independently ?
independently
What are the two major blood vessels supplying breast tissue? which other one contributes?
lateral mammary branches of lateral thoracic, medial mammary arteries off of the internal thoracic artery,
and lateral mammary branches of lateral cutaneous branches of posterior intercostal arteries
What is the route of the internal thoracic artery
Goes into thorax and descends behind ribs on either side of sternum
What are the branches of the internal thoracic artery
Anterior intercostals
Sternal branches
Medial mammary artery
What lymph nodes drain the breast tissue
Pectoral/anterior group and parasternal group
Where do the external intercostals occupy? how do they run?
posterior 2/3 of intercostal space
Run anteriorly and inferiorly
Where do the internal intercostals occupy? how do they run?
Anterior 2/3 of intercostal spaces
Fibres run posteriorly and inferiorly
Where do the innermost intercostals occupy? how do they run?
occupy middle 1/3
Run posteriorly and inferiorly
What is the function of the intercostals?
help in breathing during relaxed inhalation and force expiration. Ribs move up and extend
What is the movement of the ribs during inhalation refered to as?
bucket handle movement
What do you find in the intercostal groove? what order are they in?
Intercostal vein
Intercostal artery
Intercostal nerve
The vessels of the intercostals are sandwiched between which structures?
The innermost and the internal intercostal muscles
What are the collateral branches found in the intercostal space
have same function of intercostals nerves and vessels but found on superior edge of rib
The intercostal nerves are a branch of what?
The spinal nerves for the corresponding thoracic spine
Where the intercostal muscle fibres end they are replaced by what?
A layer of fascia which has the same name as the muscle
What movement of the sternum result from contraction of the intercostal muscles and accessory respiratory muscles? Include its descriptive name
Pump handle movement of sternum
sternum is moving anteriorly and posteriorly
What type of joint is between the rib and vertebrae? between the rib and sternum?
synovial planar
Synovial planar
Except for joint between 1st rib and manubrium is synchondrosus
Where does the aortic hiatus sit?
level of T12
All fibres of the diaphragm insert onto…
the central tendon
What is the part of the diaphragm where the aorta passes through
Aortic hiatus
What are the 3 parts of the diaphragm
The costal part
The Lumbar part
The sternal part
The crural part
What is the passage through the diaphragm for the vena cava called?
The caval hiatus
At what spinal segment is caval hiatus located?
Level of T8
At what spinal segment is the esophageal hiatus located?
T10
What may occur if the crural fibres of the diaphragm do not develop?
Makes the person prone to esophageal or hiatal hernia.
What is the curve in the lungs around the heart called
Costomediastinal recess
What is the recess is the lateral corners of the thorax called
Cardiac notch or Costodiaphragmatic recess
Apex of the lungs extends ~ ___ above the clavicle
1 inch
At what rib do the inferior borders of the lungs sit?
Rib 6
laterally the inferior border of the lung crosses at ___
rib 8
Posteriorly the inferior border of the lung is at
rib 10
In the right lung, what divides the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobes
the oblique fissure
Each lobe has ___ segments
10
Are the segments functionally independent from each other? explain
yes, they all have their own airway, lymph and blood supply
What is the area called where the major structures are entering and leaving lungs
hilum
What divides the superior and middle lobe in the right lung
the horizontal fissure
What divides the superior and inferior lobes in the left lung
oblique fissure
between what is the costodiaphragmatic recess formed
between two layers of parietal pleura
The serous membrane produces ___
serous fluid
what is the role of serous fluid
lubricates the surfaces and minimizes friction
how many layers of pleura is there?
2
whta is the space between the pleura called
pleural cavity
What is the role of the pleural cavity
to facilitate expansion of lungs
Why is the costodiaphragmatic recess important clinically
because it is the lowest part of the cavity in upright position, when someone has a toxin or fluid in their lungs you can drain it from here
What are all branches of the bronchioles together referreed to as
The tracheal tree or bronchiole tree
Why is it important to understand directions of different branches of bronchioles
when someone needs a PT to support them in postural drainage
Right side has ___ lobar bronchi. Each lobar bronchi gives rise to ___ segmental branches
3
10
Visceral pleura are supplied by same ______ which are supplying lung tissue itself
autonomic nerve fibres
Parietal pleura is sensitized by …
somatic sensory nerves: intercostal nerves and phrenic
Pain of visceral pleura will present as…
dull unlocalized pain
What occurs to pain when parietal layer is involved
the nature of the pain changes - becomes sharp highly localized pain
