ABDOMINAL VISCERA Flashcards
What is the GI tract composed of
Alimentary canal and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas)
How long is the GI tracts
5-7 meteres
How long is the esophagus
25cm
Where is the esophagus located
between the distal end of the larygopharynx to the stomach
What is the blood supply to the esophagus? and the nerve supply?
branches from thoracic aorta
Nerve supply: CN X
Esophagus passes through diaphragm at ____ and ends at ____
T10
T11
What is the capacity of the stomach
1 L
Where is the stomach located
in the left hypochondriac and epigastric areas
What are the 3 main divisions of the stomach
Fundus
Body
Pyloric sphincter
The entrance and exit of the stomach are guarded by the ___ and ___ respectively
cardia and pylorus
What is the first segment of the small intestine? how long is it?
Duodenum
25 cm
The duodenum surrounds…
the head of the pancreas
What part of the duodenum receives secretions of pancreas and bile
The 2 part - descending
Where does the duodenum sit
right side of L1 mostly in umbilical area
what is the function of bile
to fascilitate the digestion of fat converting large droplet into smaller droplets so that enzymes can act more efficiently
What are the proximal 2/5 and the distal 3/5 of the SI called
The jejunum and ileum
What are the characteristics that differentiate the jejunum from the ileum
thicker wall
narrower lumen
fewer arteries
Where is chemical digestion more prominent? where is absorption of nutrients more prominent?
Jejunum
Ileum
Are the jejunum and ileum mesentary bound? this makes them ____
yes
mobile
Jejunum is normally in ____ regioni
umbilical
Ileum is normally in ___ region
Hypogastric
What are the small arteries feeding into the SI called
vasa recta
What are the 5 components of the LI
cecum apendix colon rectum anal canal
Where is the appendix
attached medial to the distal end of cecum
Is the appendix mesentary bound
yes
mobile
What are the longitudinal smooth muscles of the colon organized into
3 muscular bundles (Tenia Coli)
What do the contractions of tenia coli lead to
Saclike structures known as haustra coli
What is the bend in the LI that is in touch with the liver called? the one in touch with spleen?
Hepatic flexure and splenic flexture
The abdominal part of the GI is supplied by 3 major branches from the abdominal aorta, what are they?
Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
What does the celiac artery suupply
liver stomach pancreas spleen duodenum
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Pancreas Cecum Appendix Colon
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply
Colon
Rectum
anal canal
what is the nerve supply of the GI tract
Pre-vertebral plexuses
What do the prevertebral plexuses receive inputs from
The pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves from thorcic, lumbar, and sacral segments of sympathetic trunk
Preganglionic parasympathetic nerves from vagus and pelvic splanchnics
Afferent visceral nerves
Pre-vertebral plexuses are ____
mix parasympathetic and sympathetic plexuses
Pre-vertebral plexuses are formed where
in front of the abdominal aorta
Sympathetic fibres synapse ___ where as parasympathetic fibres synapse…
at the level or the prevertebral plexus
AT target organ
Where is the liver located
in the right hypochondriac and epigastric areas and extends into left hypochondriac area
Wha are the 2 surfaces of the liver
Diaphragmatic and visceral
What attaches the anterior surface of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
the falciform ligament
What is found on the inferior border of the falciform ligament
The round ligament
What is the round ligament a reminant of
the umbilical vein
What attaches the superior surface of the liver to the under surface of the diaphragm
the coronary ligaments
What is the left lobe divided into
The quadrate and caudate portions
What can you find on the visceral surface of the liver
Porta hepatis - where blood vessels, nerves and bile duct enter and exit
What does the hepatic portal vein do
drains venous blood of digestive system below diaphragm, carries a lot of unprocessed nutrients that need to be processed by liver before circulating body
What does the bile duct to
carries bile from gallbladder to second part of duodenum
What veins join to form the portal vein
Superior and inferior mesenteric and splenic veins
After portal vein drains into liver, the blood from the liver is then drained by
IVC
Differences in BP at the liver may lead to
Varicosis
Bile is produced by ___ and then sent to _____
liver
gallbladder
what occurs to bile in gallbladder
it is concentrated
the bile is collected from liver by… which forms ___
two left and right hepatic ducts which come together to form the common hepatic duct
The common hepatic duct then joins the ____ to make the _____
cystic duct
Common bile duct
Is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine
mixed
___ secretions of the pancreas are released into the 2nd part of duodenum
exocrine
Via what 2 ducts do the exocrine secretions of the pancreas enter the duodenum
main and accessory
Where is the spleen located
Left hypochondriac area
What are the 2 extremities of the spleen? 2 main borders? 2 surfaces
anterior and posterior
superior and inferior
diaphragmatic and visceral
where is the hilum of the spleen located
on the visceral/medial surface
The spleen is a ____ organ
intra-peritoneal
The spleen is connected to which organs by peritoneal ligaments
stomach and left kidney
what does the spleen do
recycles RBCS
Fractures of which ribs run the risk of puncturing spleen
9-11 but mostly 11
Can you fix a hemorrhage in a spleen
no
Where are kidneys located
on posterior abdominal wall in front of diaphragm
Each kidney is surrounded by
a capsule and fat
Which kidney is lower?
right
What is the right kidney related to
liver, duodenum, IVC
What is the left kidney related to
stomach, pancreas, spleen
What is the major function of kidney
to remove the toxic byproducts of metabolism from the blood stream and to conserve water, proteins, glucose, and salts
What are the 2 major parts of the kidney
Cortex and medulla
What structures are found in medulla
pyramidal structures (renal pyramid) (lobes)
What separate lobes
extensions of cortex known as cortical columns
What is found at the apex of each pyramid
papilla
What is found at the papilla of each pyramid
lots of openings representing the end of the collecting ducts
Urine is derived from papilla to …
vase shaped spaces known as minor calyces
Every 2-3 calyce is received by a larger space known as
major calyx
finally the major callyx is drained to…
renal pelvis and the to ureter
What is the sequence of the structures in the hilum of the kidneys
Renal vein most anterior
Renal artery
Renal pelvis most posterior
What is the ureter
a muscular tube that runs from the renal pelvis and down either side of vertebral colunm to the true pelvis
what are the 3 narrowings of the ureter
- Just after renal pelvis
- Passing over common iliac arteries
- Entering bladder
