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ANAT 392 - Meag > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae? Thoracic? lumbar? sacral? coccyx?

A 
C - 7
T - 12
L - 5
S - 5
C - 4
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2
Q

Which sections of the vertebral column curve anteriorly ?

A

Cervical and lumbar

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3
Q

Which sections of the vertebral column curve posteriorly ?

A

Thoracic and Sacral

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4
Q

What is a static curve

A

Curve which can not change as the body changes position

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5
Q

What is an example of a static curve

A

Sacral

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6
Q

What is a dynamic curve

A

Continuously changing based on body position

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7
Q

What is an example of a dynamic curve

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

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8
Q

What is the purpose of curves in the human vertebral column

A

To help vertebral column deal with compressive forces

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9
Q

Resistance of vertebral column to compressive forces has strengthened by how much due to the curves

A

10 fold

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10
Q

what causes the 5 degrees of scoliosis that is considered normal

A

has to do with handedness - carrying things more with one arm than the other

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11
Q

If you are right handed, in which direction do you get a slight 5 degree curve

A

towards the left side (compensatory)

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12
Q

How large must a scoliosis curve be for a physiotherapist to step in

A

15 degrees

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13
Q

At what point would you start to brace someone with scoliosis

A

30 degrees

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14
Q

If the curve is to the right side where does the hump occur

A

right side

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15
Q

What are primary curves ? which curves in the body are primary

A

curves you are born with sacral and thoracic

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16
Q

What are secondary curves? which curves in the spine are secondary

A

curves that develop later on in life

Cervical and lumbar

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17
Q

when does the cervical curve develop

A

when baby learns to hold head - ~3 months

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18
Q

When does the lumbar curve develop

A

when baby starts walking ~18 month

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19
Q

What is the joint between articular surfaces of the vertebrae called?

A

Zygapophyseal joint

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20
Q

What type of joint is the zygapophyseal joint

A

Planar synovial joint

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21
Q

What is the fulcrum for most the movement happening in the vertebral column

A

the zygapophyseal joints

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22
Q

Are the zygapophyseal joints prone to osteoarthritis?

A

yes

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23
Q

What is the joint between the vertebral bodies

A

inter-vertebral disc

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24
Q

What type of joint is the inter-vertebral disc

A

symphysis joint

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25
Q

What type of connective tissue is in the inter-vertebral disc joint

A

fibrocartilage

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26
Q

What exits via the intervertebral foramen

A

spinal nerves

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27
Q

What pathophysiologies effect the nerve at the inter-vertebral foramen

A

hernia and osteoarthritis

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28
Q

What two structures make up the inter-vertebral disc

A
  • Nucleus Pulposus

- Anulus fibrosus

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29
Q

What is the main chemical content of the nucleus pulposus

A

hyaluronic acid

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30
Q

What does hyaluronic acid do in the nucleus pulposus

A

attracts and absorbs water into the vertebral discs

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31
Q

Why must water be absorbed into the nucleus pulposus?

A

To allow it to act as a shock absorber

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32
Q

When does the nucleus pulposus absorb water

A

when they are not under pressure - during sleep. during the day they are under pressure and lose the water

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33
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus

A

collagen bundles in between spinal vertebrae

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34
Q

What direction do the anulus fibrosus run? why?

A

directed at a right angle to the layer before them - this helps with strength

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the anulus fibrosus

A

to hold nucleus pulposus in place - has no role in compressive forces

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36
Q

How many layers of anulus fibrosus are in the cervical spine? the lumbar>

A

3-4

up to 20 - due to greater compressive forces

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37
Q

why do we shrink as we age

A

hyaluronic acid gradually leaks out and in turn you lose your ability to absorb water

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38
Q

How could you diagnose a discal hernia

A

get patient to cough or sneeze and if this causes shooting pain on the back of thigh

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39
Q

How do discal hernias occur

A

With too much pressure on disc nucleus propulsus slowly tears layers of the anulus fibrosus one by one

40
Q

Why do discal hernias get more painful as more layers get torn

A

inner layers dont have much nerve supply so when the deep layers are ruptured they cause a little pain, but when the outer layers are ruptured they have more pain because they have the most nerve supply

41
Q

which direction is most common for discal hernia? why?

A

posteriolateral because direction of herniation is normally the direction that is not very supported by other ligaments

42
Q

What time of collagen fibres are the anulus fibrosus

A

fibrocartilage - does not heal again

43
Q

What is the surgery option for discal hernia

A

to shave it down but if it is posterior you cant do this so you have to remove lamina to allow the spinal cord to move backwards

44
Q

What is the PT treatment for discal hernia

A

strengthening muscles around that area with good exercise plan patient can live pain free for rest of life through providing support

45
Q

what are 6 supportive ligaments of the spinal cord

A
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Interior transverse ligament
  • Supraspinous ligament
  • interspinous ligament
  • Flava ligament
46
Q

Where does the flava ligament run

A

between laminae of adjacent vertebrae

47
Q

The ____ is a continuation of the supraspinous ligament in cervical spine

A

nuchal ligament

48
Q

HOw does the nuchal ligament differ from supraspinous ligament

A

gets wider and bigger

49
Q

Where is the inter-transverse ligament

A

running between adjacent transverse processes

50
Q

What is the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the upper cervical area

A

Tectorial membrane

51
Q

What type of joint is the axis and atlas

A

synovial pivot joint

52
Q

why does the atlo-axial joint need a lot of support

A

medullar oblongata is immediately behind the dens - it controls respiratory cardiovascular and respiratory

53
Q

which band of the cruciate ligament is more important

A

the horizontal band

54
Q

What is the role of the uncinate processs

A

two little horns on anterior side - gives concanve surface on vertebral body to hold on the disc better.

55
Q

Where are the uncinate processes normally found

A

cervical region - most mobile region

56
Q

What is the found between uncinate process and vertebral body

A

Joint space

57
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in joint space

A

hyaline cartilage

58
Q

What type of joint exist between the vertebral bodies and the uncinate processes

A

synovial gliding joint

59
Q

the ___ matter is in the centre of the spinal cord and surrounded by ___ matter

A

grey

white

60
Q

What are the columns of white matter in the spinal cord occupied by

A

ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) pathways

61
Q

How long is spinal cord

A

43-45 cm - has nothing to do with height of person

62
Q

in 70% of people SC sshould end at…

A

intervertebral disc L1 and L2

63
Q

where might SC end in someone who is really tall? really short?

A

T12

L3

64
Q

Grey matter is ____ while white matter is ____ (think composition)

A

cell bodies of neurons

Myelinated fibres

65
Q

Grey matter has 3 horns and they contain different cell types functionally. What is found in the posterior horn? anterior? lateral?

A

Sensory
Motor
autonomic

66
Q

Axons exit spinal cord via…

A

rootlets

67
Q

when do rootlets become roots

A

when they merge with the rootlets of opposite region (ventral with dorsal and vice versa)

68
Q

When the dorsal and ventral roots join what do you get

A

spinal nerves

69
Q

Are spinal nerves mixed fibres

A

yes

70
Q

are spinal nerves long?

A

non - 1cm and immediately divide and split

71
Q

When spinal nerves divide and split they become…

A

dorsal and vetral rami

72
Q

is the dorsal or vantral rami bigger

A

ventral

73
Q

do ventral or dorsal rami make the plexi

A

ventral

74
Q

dorsal rami run individually and supply…

A

the deep muscles of the back - also carry some sensory fibres to supply skin

75
Q

Dura matter is a ___ connective tissue

A

dense

76
Q

arachnoid mater is a ___ connective tissue

A

loose

77
Q

Pia matter carries _____ into ____

A

blood vessels into nervous tissue

78
Q

we have ___ pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

79
Q

how many cervical spinal nerves are there

A

8

80
Q

In cervical region spinal nerves exit ____ their corresponding vertebrae .
in other regions?

A

above

below

81
Q

What are somites

A

blocks of mesoderman tissue

82
Q

What does the formation of neural tube have a profound influence on

A

surrounding mesoderm that leads to the development of somites

83
Q

each somite differentiates into 2 major groups of cells - these are …

A
  • Sclerotome

- Dermato-myotome

84
Q

What occurs to sclerotome and dermato-myotome once they migrate to their destication

A

give rise to bones, skeletal muscles, and dermis

85
Q

Each somite is associated with…

A

a branch of the developing spinal cord

86
Q

What gives rise to the spinal cord and brain

A

neural tube

87
Q

What is a somatic nerve

A

the part of spinal nerves which innervate a somite and its derivative (skin and skeletal muscles)

88
Q

Are somatic nerves mixed?

A

yes

89
Q

Motor neurons develop in the ___ aspect of SC

A

anterior

90
Q

Sensory neurons develop from _____

A

neural crest cells (future dorsal sensory ganglion)

91
Q

Processes of motor neurons will be carried by ___ and ____ to supply ___ and ___ muscles respectively

A

ventral and dorsal

Hypaxial and Epaxial

92
Q

Processes of sensory neurons will pass into posterior aspect of spinal cord or follow the …

A

dermatomyotomes

93
Q

What are somatic plexuses formed by

A

union of anterior rami of spinal nerves

94
Q 
Plexuses are formed at different levels 
Cervical: 
Brachial: 
Lumbar: 
Sacral:
A

C - C1-C4
B - C5-T1
L - T12-L4
S - L4-Coccyx

95
Q

What is a dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

96
Q

What is a myotome

A

part of a skeletal muscle that is supplied by a single spinal nerve

ANAT 392 - Meag (18 decks)

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