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ANAT 392 - Meag > MEDIASTINUM AND HEART > Flashcards

MEDIASTINUM AND HEART Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

space in chest between two lungs

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the mediastinum

A

Superior and Inferior (Anterior, middle, posterior)

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3
Q

What does the anterior mediastinum contain

A

Thymus until age 25 after that just fat and loose connective tissue

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4
Q

Where is the middle mediastinum and what does it contain

A

space confined by fibrous pericardium. Contain heart and main blood vessels joining to heart

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5
Q

What forms the floor and roof of the mediastinum

A

floor - diaphragm

Roof - Superior thoracic aperture (manubrium, first rib, and T1)

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6
Q

What makes up the super thoracic aperture

A

manubrium, first rib, and T1

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7
Q

what does the superior mediastinum contrain

A
  • Trachea
  • esophagus
  • Arch of aorta
  • Brachio-cephalic veins
  • Thymus
  • Vagus nerves
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerves
  • Azygus vein
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Left pulmonary
  • Descending aorta
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8
Q

Where does the arch of aorta form

A

at level of T4-T5 vertebral disc

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9
Q

When does the aorta enter the posterior mediastinum

A

when it turns into the descending aorta

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10
Q

____ join to form inferior vena cava

A

brachiocephalic veins

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11
Q

Where does the vagus nerve sit in the inferior mediastinum

A

in the posterior part

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12
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve pass in the inferior mediastinum

A

Middle mediastinum

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13
Q

Where in the inferior mediastinum is the thymus sitting

A

anterior

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14
Q

what are the 3 branches off the aorta

A

Brachiochephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

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15
Q

what joins to form the brachiocephalic vein

A

Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

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16
Q

What does the posterior mediastinum contain

A
  • Descending aorta
  • Esophagus
  • Sympathetic chains (para-vertebral ganglia)
  • Azygus vein
  • Thoracic duct
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17
Q

What are the branches of the ascending aorta

A

the coronary braches

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18
Q

what are ganglion

A

clusters of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS

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19
Q

What are the nerves arising from the paravertebral ganglion and going towards the midline called

A

splanchnic

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20
Q

what does splanchnic mean

A

viscera

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21
Q

Which viscera do the splanchnic nerves supply

A

those in abdomen and below thorax

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22
Q

What are the sympathetic ganglion in the abdomen called

A

pre-vertebral ganglia

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23
Q

What is the name of vein travelling along the right side of the vertebral column

A

azygus

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24
Q

The azygus system is comprised of ___ azygus veins

A

3

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25
Q

In which mediastinum area is the azygus vein found

A

the posterior mediastinum

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26
Q

Right intercostal veins drain into the ____ -

A

azygus vein

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27
Q

Left intercostal veins drain into …

A

the accessory hemiazygus and hemiazygus veins and then into the azygus

28
Q

Where does the accessory hemiazygus vein collect blood from

A

upper left thorax

29
Q

Where does the hemiazygus vein collect blood from

A

lower left thorax

30
Q

The azygus system eventually drains into.. t

A

the superior vena cava

31
Q

What is the largest duct in the body

A

the thoracic duct

32
Q

Where does the thoracic duct collect lymph from

A

the entire body except for the right upper limb, right half of head and neck, and the right half of chest

33
Q

The right upper limb, right half of head and neck, and the right half of chest are drained by what

A

the right lymphatic duct

34
Q

Where are the 4 angles of the heart located (surface anatomy)?

A

Upper right - 2nd intercostal space, 1 inch from sternum
Upper left - 2nd intercostal space 2 inches from sternum
Lower right - 5th intercostal space 1 inch from sternum
Lower left - 5th intercostal space 3 inches from sternum

35
Q

Heart is surrounded by ___ layers of connective tissue. what are they?

A

3
Fibrous layer
Parietal serous pericardium
Visceral serous layer

36
Q

What is the function of the fibrous layer of connective tissue surrounding the heart? what is it made up of?

A

Made up of dense irregular connective tissue

Provides some mechanical protection

37
Q

What does the pericardial cavity contain? where is it located?

A

Located between the visceral and parietal serous layers. Contains a few drops of serous fluid to decrease friction while the heart is beating

38
Q

What is inflammation of the pericardium called?

A

pericarditis

39
Q

what occurs to patients with pericarditis

A

the pericardium starts to produce too much fluid and rapidly fills entire pericardial cavity - building pressure to the point where it stops the heart from beating

40
Q

What are the surfaces of the heart

A

Anterior or sternalcostal
Right and left pulmonary surfaces
Base
Inferior or diaphragmatic surface

41
Q

Where is the coronary sulcus

A

wrapping around heart separates atrium from ventricles

42
Q

What does the coronary sulcus contain

A

coronary blood vessels (arteries and sinus)

43
Q

The left coronary artery branches into…

A

the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

44
Q

Where do you find fossa ovalis and what is it?

A

on the right wall of atrium - opening between left and right atrium which closes shortly after birth

45
Q

The ovalis fossa does not close in ___% of people

A

15

46
Q

What is the coronary sinus

A

large vein that returns venous blood to the right atrium

47
Q

papillary muscles arise from ____ and attach to _____

A

the walls of the ventricles and attach to short tendon like structures called corda tendinae

48
Q

Corda tendinae attach to..

A

tricuspid or bicuspid valves

49
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles

A

Contract with rest of ventricles and prevent back flow into the atrium by preventing cusps from flipping over

50
Q

What is special about the muscle fibres of the heart

A

some of them can generate and send impulses like neurons

51
Q

Can the muscles which send nerve impulses still contract like typical myocardial cells

A

yes! but not as well as the others

52
Q

What initiates electrical impulses in the heart

A

the sinoatrial node

53
Q

The sinoatrial node passes electrical impulses to…

A

the atrial ventricular node

54
Q

The atriaventricular node passes impulses through ____

A

the AV bundle

55
Q

The AV bundle divides into…

A

two bundles of his

56
Q

The bundles of his divide into smaller fibres called…

A

purkinje fibers

57
Q

What is the path of the right coronary artery

A

From ascending aorta it travels along coronary sulcus wraps around right side and reaches inferior surface and continues in posterior interventricular groove at which point I becomes the posterior interventricular artery

58
Q

How many branches does the right coronary artery have

A

13

59
Q

When do the coronary arteries get blood flow? why?

A

in Diastole - When the heart is in systole leafles are open and are covering the coronary arteries. In diastole the leaflets are relaxed and blood can flow into the coronary arteries

60
Q

Does the heart receive more or less blood during exercise? why?

A

Less - the heart has shorter diastole phases - therefore the coronary arteries are covered by the leaflets for a greater percentage of the time - this is why you should not exceed HR max for more than a few mins

61
Q

In __% of the population the rights coronary artery is more important than the left

A

70 %

62
Q

The small or lesser cardiac vein sits where?

A

on right margin of heart

63
Q

The middle cardiac vein sits where?

A

in posterior interventricular groove

64
Q

Where is the great cardiac vein located

A

in anterior interventricular groove

65
Q

where does myocardial infarction normally refer pain to

A

to the chest and left arm

66
Q

Sensory autonomic innervation of the heart return to ____

A

T1-T4 segments of spinal cord

ANAT 392 - Meag (18 decks)

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