therapeutics 2 Flashcards
T-PA
tissue plasminogen activator
- activates plasminogen
- which activates
- plasmin which breaks down fibrin- fibrinolysis
if an infection allows natural immunity
then vaccine can be produce
types of vaccines
1) live attenuated
2) dead
3) subunit
4) toxoid
5) DNA
CD4
orchestrates an immune repsonse
CD8
killing
live vaccines (usually viral)
- living but disables- unable to cause disease
- induce antibody, D4, CD8
- bets mimic
- however risk of reversion
Dead
uses the killed version - radiation or chemicals
- whole cell
- immunity nit as effective
subunit
only certain fragments are introduced (e.g. proteins and polysaccharides) e.g. F1 and V in plague
- pure- few side effect
- induces antibodies and CD4+
DNA vaccine
- identify and produce gene coding for a vaccine compound e.g. a protein
- DNA taken up by cells in the body
- cells produce proteins
- immune response
passive antural
antibodies from mother e.g. in milk
active natural
body makes own antibodies after exposure
pass artificial
another source of antibodies given e.g. immunoglobulins e.g. direct injection to tetanus antibodies
active artificial
body makes antigens after pathogen given in some form e.g. vaccine
B-lactams
penicillin, cephalosporins and monobactams- stop cell wall synthesis
Benzylpenicillin
narrow spectrum, Neisseria and Haemophilis
3rd gen cephalosporins
BROAD SPEC
penicillin and cephalopsorns
diffuse well into the bode and fluid–> able to penetrate into CSF
–> IV or IM
Blactams
cell wall synthesis
glycopeptides
cell wall synthesis
sulfanomides
bacterial folate synthesis
quinolones
DNA synthesis ( DAN gyrate)
tetracycline
protein synthesis and bacteriostatic
Aminoglycosides
protein synthesis and bacteriocidal
Macrolides
protein synthesis- binds to 50s ribosomal subunit
ampheicols
protein synthesis and bacteriostatic
- bactericidal for H. influenza
- bind to 50s ribosome subunit
IL-2
proliferation of immune cells e.g. B and T
IL-1
proliferation of keratinocytes
NSAIDS
target arachidonic acid pathway
NSAIDS reduce the production of….. from
prostaglandins from arachidonic acid
prostaglandins
increase fever, inflammation and pain
what do NSAIDS inhibit
COX enzymes
COX-1
expressed all the time- prostaglandin produce protective substances e.g. mucus to protect the stomach
COX-2
only expressed during inflammation- target for drugs nw days
examples of NSAIDS
ibuprofen, aspirin, dipliofenic
NSAIDS decrease
uncomforted when we are unwell
side effects of NSAIDS
vomiting, diarrhoea, ulcers, bleeding, kidney failure
why increase in bleeding with NSAIDS
thromboxane produces platelets- clotting
