GI tract diseases

Question 1

IBD

Answer 1

a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and s.intestine.. long term conditions involving inflammation of the gut

Question 2

principle types of IBD

Answer 2

• crohns disease

- ulcerative colitis

Question 3

UC effects

Answer 3

the large intestine

Question 4

Crohns effects

Answer 4

any part of the digestive system from the mouth to the ans

Question 5

symptoms of IBD

Answer 5

pain, cramps or swelling in the tummy

• bloody diarrhoea
• weight loss
• extreme tiredness

Question 6

causes of IBD

Answer 6

genetics and problems with the immune system

Question 7

treating IBD

Answer 7

-aims to relieve symptoms and prevent them from returning: including diet, lifestyle, medicine and surgery

Question 8

medicines given for IBD

Answer 8

• aminosalicylate
• immunosuppressants
• biologics (antibody based treatment given by injection)
  4) antibiotics

Question 9

the immune system and IBD

Answer 9

after exposure to abundant intestinal bacterial antigens, innate immune cells such as dendritic cell and macrophages are activated
- leading to the overproducing of chemises and proinflammmaotry cytokeind

Question 10

pro-infllamtory cytokines

Answer 10

TNF, IL-12, IL-23, IL-1, IL-6

Question 11

cytokines induce the expression of

Answer 11

adhesion meolce receptors in endothelia cels which together with chemokine initiate leukocytes to the site

Question 12

down regulating over activated innate and adaptive immune repsonses

Answer 12

can successful ameliorate IBD

Question 13

Genes involved with IBD

Answer 13

NOD2
IBD5
IL-23R
AIEC

Question 14

NOD2

Answer 14

intracellular sensor for bacterial peptidoglycan. Polymorphisms can result in reduced activation of NF-kB in response to bacterial peptidoglycan

Question 15

IBD6

Answer 15

play a role in maintaining the integrity of epithelia barrier

Question 16

IL-23R

Answer 16

play a role in a citation inflammatory response

Question 17

AIEC

Answer 17

adhesive and invasive E.coli

Question 18

which bacterium is less common in patients with IBD

Answer 18

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii- ant-inflammatory role

Question 19

Biomarkes for IBD

Answer 19

• C-reactive proteins
• Feal calprotectin
• Stool lactoferrin

Question 20

Diabetes

Answer 20

a group of metabolic disorders which cause high blood sugar over a prolonged period of time due to either B cells of the pancreas not producing enough insulin or not responding to stimuli which would trigger insulin release

Question 21

Type 1

Answer 21

B cells don’t produce enough insulin

Question 22

Type 2

Answer 22

Insulin resistance- where ell do not respond to insulin properly- a lack of insulin may also occur

Question 23

symptoms of diabetes

Answer 23

frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, tiredess

Question 24

chronic hyperglycemia

Answer 24

signif risk to cardiovascular disease, neuropathy and microvascular damage

Question 25

glycosuria

Answer 25

when glucose is found in the urine- usually filtered and reabsorbed
- if blood glucose reached the renal -threshold, then reabsorption mechanism of kidney becomes saturated and glucose will be found in urine

Question 26

how is Type 1 treated

Answer 26

Since b cells are destroyed, insulin is not naturally produced, therefore control of blood glucose is achieved by injecting insulin
Usually starts in childhood

Question 27

how is Type 2 treated

Answer 27

normal physiological response to insulin is impaired, meaning that blood glucose remains elevated for longer than normal after an oral doe of glucose or a meal
Insulin is also less effective at suppressing glucose output by the liver
Defect isnt to do with the receptor, but in the complex insulin signalling pathway
Treated through diet and exercise

Question 28

risk factor of type 1

Answer 28

Genetic predisposition linked to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

Question 29

risk factor of type 2

Answer 29

Age
Obesity
Ethnicity
Family history
Western diet
Physical inactivity 
City dwelling

Question 30

Bowel cancer

Answer 30

cancer of the large intestine e.g. colon or rectal cancer. Relating to the tumour suppressor gene DCC being switched off –> polyp formation

Question 31

DCC

Answer 31

acts as a tumour suppressor and photo-oncogene

Question 32

what are DCCs

Answer 32

receptors found the CSM of colorectal epithelium

Question 33

what are part of the intracellular part of DCC

Answer 33

kinases- these activate the MAPkinase cascade

Question 34

ligand of DCC is

Answer 34

Netrin-1- binds to the receptor and stimulates MAPK cascade

Question 35

if DCC is over expressed

Answer 35

more MAPK cascade- more cell proliferation

Question 36

intracellular cascade after entrain binds to DCC

Answer 36

1)SRC kinases are attracted to intracellular portion of DCC receptor- phosphorylates it
2) promoting Grb2 to bind to the receptor
) then MAPK cascade commences
- cell migration and proliferation

Question 37

DCC and Netrin

Answer 37

DCC’s are dependence receptors

Question 38

What are dependence receptors (2)

Answer 38

1. can act with netrin-1 bound: cause cell proliferation

2. without entrain-1: activates caspases- apoptosis

Question 39

without Netrin

Answer 39

DCC’s are tumour suppressors- stoping overgrowth of tissue

Question 40

Netrin is only expressed

Answer 40

at the bottom of villi

Question 41

DCCs are expressed

Answer 41

all along- no ligand at the top of villus- stop overgrowth and polo formation- therefore proliferation at the bottom, cell death at the top

Question 42

cell proliferation

Answer 42

at the bottom

Question 43

cell death

Answer 43

at the top- causes apoptosis when entry doesn’t bind to DCC

Question 44

if DCC is deleted via mutation

Answer 44

this process won’t happen- no apoptosis at the top of the villi- polyp formation due to over proliferation.

Question 45

when DCC is deleted

Answer 45

proto-oncogene

Question 46

when DCC is there

Answer 46

tumour suppressor