Hyperaldosteronism Flashcards
A 23-year-old sexually active woman develops a burning sensation when urinating. She feels generally unwell and has a slight fever. Her GP diagnoses a urinary tract infection (uti) or does your analysis test and prescribed a course of antibiotics. The presence of which substance in urine supports this diagnosis?
Bilirubin
Creatinine
Glucose
Ketones
Nitrite
Nitrite
Bacteria in the urine possess nitrate reductase activity which convert nitrate to nitrite which is measured by a urine dipstick test.
A man suffers extensive blood loss as a result of an accident. His body automatically tries to restore his blood volume to maintain adequate cardiac output. Which hormone is released from the juxtaglomerular complex to help achieve this?
adrenaline
aldosterone
anti-diuretic hormone
natriuretic peptide
renin
renin
21-year-old woman becomes markedly dehydrated when running a half marathon on a hot and sunny day. As part of a hormonal response there is an increase in the level of circulating aldosterone. Where is this hormone produced?
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla->adrenaline and noradreanline (catecholamines)
Adrenal cortex->glucocorticods (eg cortisol), androgens (testosterone), and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Posterior pituitary->neuropeptides=ADH and oxytocin
Anterior pituitary-> TSH FSH LH ACTH GH prolactin
A 54-year-old man develops an autoimmune form of diabetes insipidus autoantibodies attack the cells responsible for the synthesis of ADH, reducing the amount released in response to dehydration. Which structure is the site of synthesis of this hormone?
Adrenal glands
Cardiac atria
Hypothalamus
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
42-year-old man develops diabetes insipidus sustained in the car accident. This condition is characterised by excessive thirst and frequent urination and results from in adequate secretion of ADH which normally acts to promote insertion of channels in the membrane of kidney cells. These channels allow the movement of which substance across the membrane?
Chloride
Glucose
Protons
Sodium
Water
Water
42-year-old man with hypertension and 42-year-old man with hypertension and low serum potassium is not on any medication. His bloods show low renin, high aldosterone , normal cortisol, and a high aldosterone/renin ratio. What endocrine dysfunction does this suggest?
Hypoaldosteronism
No abnormality
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Pseudohyperaldoteronism
Secondary hyperalspsteronism
Primiary hyperaldosteronism
A man with hypertension and and low serum K+ is not on meds. He has a high renin and high aldosterone result with normal cortisol and normal aldosterone/renin ratio, What is the working diagnosis?
Hypoaldosteronism
No abnormality
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Pseudohyperaldoteronism
Secondary hyperaldosteronism
Secondary hyperaldosteronism
Hypertension and low seum K+ =abnormal
High aldosterone =hyperaldosteronism
High renin=secondary
A bodybuilder follows an extremely high calorie diet that includes 15 bananas a day. The resulting potassium load causes elevation of aldosterone release, thereby increasing urine excretion of potassium.
Where in the nephron does this hormone have its major effect?
thick ascending loop of Henle
descending loop of Henle
early proximal convoluted tube
late distal convoluted tubule
thin ascending loop of Henle
late distal convoluted tubule
Pre-eclampsia in pregnant women is characterised by loss of protein (proteinuria) and high blood pressure. An inappropriate autoimmune response that activates the angiotensin receptor subtype1 (AT1) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of the condition. Activating (agonistic) autobodies against the AT1 may be found in the serum of some patients with pre-eclampsia. What endocrine pattern would be expected in a patient with these auto antibodies?
high aldosterone high renin high angiotensin II
high aldosterone low renin high angiotensin II
high aldosterone low renin low angiotensin II
high aldosterone low renin low angiotensin II
low aldosterone low renin low angiotensin II
high aldosterone low renin low angiotensin II
Acid-base balance is essential for maintaining plasma protein integrity and function. Hydrogen irons are secreted into the lumen of the nephron in the proximal late distal convoluted tubule in order to reduce the acidic load within the body. What is the mechanism by which the secretion in the proximal tubule?
Antiport with K+
Antiport with Na+
Symport with Cl-
Symport with K+
Symport with Na+
Antiport with Na+
Nikki learned that several children in her grandma’s school in rural Derbyshire had swollen necks. It was a condition of iodine deficiency caused by local lack of natural iodine in the soil due to leaching by salt deposits. What endocrine changes would be expected in this condition?
high T3/T4
high TSH
incr -ve feedback on hypothalamus
incr -ve feedback on pituitary
reduced TRH
high TSH
You are carrying out research project required to measure calcium influx stimulated by inositol(1,4,5) triphosphate (IP3) signalling in smooth-muscle. What type of receptor utilises the second messenger?
G alpha i coupled receptor
G alpha s receptor
Ligand-gated ion channel
Tyrosine kinase receptor
G alpha q coupled receptor
G alpha q coupled receptor
What actions do natriuretic peptides have? Where are these peptides released from?
increases renin secretion
increases total peripheral resistance
increases sodium reabsorption
increases GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
increases GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
cardiac atria->ANP
brian and cardiac ventricular cells->BNP
