Sensory systems, nociception and pain and flu workshop PPQ Flashcards
There are many different strains of influenza virus. Influenza viruses can be classified according to their surface antigens, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). How does the N antigen assist in influenza infection? Facilitates evasion of host immune response Facilitates incorporation of viral DNA into the human genome Facilitates release of virions from infected cells Facilitates viral DNA replication Facilitates viral entry into human cells
Facilitates release of virions from infected cells
The Baltimore classification of viruses categorises viruses according to the method of mRNA synthesis.
Which virus classifications more frequently?
Group I ds DNA
Group II (+) ssDNA to dsDNA
Group III (dsRNA)
Group IV (+) ssRNA to (-) ssRNA
Group V (-) ssRNA
Group VI (+) ssRNA - DNA/RNA - dsDNA
Group VI (+) ssRNA - DNA/RNA - dsDNA
A-delta fibres and C fibres are both primary afferent endings that transmit nociceptive signals. The conduction velocity of Cf ibres is about an order of magnitude slower than that of a A-delta fibres. What feature of C fibres represents the major reason for this?
C-fibres are generally unmyelinated where as a A-delta fibres have a myelin sheath
C fibres are polymodal and this restricts the amount of information they can transmit
C fibres do not respond to capsaicin which is responsible for generating large action potentials
C fibres project directly to pain centres in the brain whilst A delta fibres have a signal via the spinal cord
C fibres respond only to inflammatory pain unlike A delta fibres which signal pain states
C-fibres are generally unmyelinated where as a A-delta fibres have a myelin sheath
A man is undergoing minor surgery, and is given a local anaesthetic to block the pain. This drug prevents the movement of which ion?
Bicarbonate
Calcium
Chloride
Potassium
Sodium
Sodium
A 74-year-old man requires continuous analgesia for palliative care. Oral medication is unsuitable as he vomits frequently. To avoid repeated injections the opiod fentanyl is administered from transdermally. In addition to small molecular size what other feature of the drug makes it most suitable for transdermal absorption?
high lipid solubility
Highly ionised
High pKa
low protein binding
low volume of distribution
high lipid solubility
Many neuropathic conditions result from changes in the electrical activity of neurons. What cellular level changes do?
Facilitate sub threshold depolarisation
Increase action potential duration
Increase the excitation threshold
Lower the excitation threshold
Reduce neurotransmitter release
Facilitate sub threshold depolarisation
Propofol is commonly used as an intravenous anaesthetic induction agent because of its rapid and smooth onset of action. How does this drug elicit it’s hypnotic effects?
Blockade of the effects of glutamate at NMDA receptors
Potentiation of GABA via GABAa receptors
Stimulation of alpha2 adrenergic receptors in the locus coeruleus
Activation of mu opiate receptors to inhibit adenylate cyclase
Activation of 5HT3 receptors which excites inhibitory interneurons
Potentiation of GABA via GABAa receptors
a 69-year-old man visit his GP is. On informal testing he is unable to hear. Where is the mechanical audible imupulse normally converted to an action potential?
Cochlea
Mastoid
Ossicles
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea
Photoreceptors are specialised cells in the retina. There activity is modulated in response to light which has passed through the eye. What effect does light have on neurotransmitter release from the cells?
Decrease in GABA release
Decrease in glutamate release
Increase in ACh release
Increase in GABA release
Increase in glutamate release
Decrease in glutamate release
You are analysing protein expression in macular tissue from a mouse model of age related macular degeneration (AMD). This condition involves deterioration of central vision due to damage to the macula lutea in the retina. Abundance of which which cell time distinguishes this area from the rest of the retina?
Amacrine cells
Mipolar cells
Cone cells
Pigmentary cells
Rod cells
Cone cells
In 1950 a groundbreaking study was published in the British medical journal bySir Richard Doll. He reported a statistically significant association between tobacco smoking and lung cancer in a large case control study. Which of the following is a characteristic of this type of study.
Cases and controls are matched in a demographic manner
Cases of people without lung cancer
Controls are non-smokers
Controls is to see how many developed lung cancer
People with lung cancer are randomly allocated to be cases or controls
Cases and controls are matched in a demographic manner
