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Disease, diagnostics and therapeutics > Kidney and endocrine processes > Flashcards

Kidney and endocrine processes Flashcards

1
Q

4 main roles of the kidney

A
  • regulating blood vol
  • regulation BP
  • regulating pH of the blood
  • production of RBC
  • synthesis of calcitrol - VitD
  • excretion of waste products and foreign bodies
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2
Q

blood pressure (Pa)

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

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3
Q

BP=

A

CO x TRP

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4
Q

quick BP control

A

baroreceptor reflex

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5
Q

slow BP control

A

RAAS - long term

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6
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

-neural- fast

Parasympathetic- vagus nerve on SA node- M2AchR

Sympathetic- cardiac SA node and myocardium- B1A

Arterioles- A1AR= vaso/venoconstirction

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7
Q

Parasympathetic control of BP

A

Vagus nerve- M2ACHr

- decreases CO= decrease BP

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8
Q

Sympathetic control

A

1) SAN and myocardium B2AR (adrenoreceptor)- via Gs= increase CO
2) arteriole A1AR- vaso/venoconstriction= increase TPR

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9
Q

arteriole A1AR- vaso/venoconstriction=

A

increase TPR

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10
Q

which cells in the kidney detect a decrease in BP

A

Juxtagolermular= mechanoreceptors

Macula densa= sense decrees ein tubular NaCl

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11
Q

Macula densa cells release

A

RENIN

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12
Q

RAAS

A

1) juxtaglomerular apparatus (juxtflomerular cells/ macula densa), detect a decrease in BP and tubular NaCl
2) macho densa releases renin
3) renin is the enzyme for the zymogen of angiotensinogen
4) angiotensinogen converted to angiotensin 1
5) ACE (released for vascular tissue- lungs) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
6) angiotensin 2 is a strong vasoconstrictor, stimulates thirst and causes the adrenal medulla to release aldosterone
7) aldosterone opens Na+ channels, so more water is reabsorbed
8) increase in blood volume= increase in BP

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13
Q

what sort of stimulation causes renin release

A

B1 adrenoreceptors

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14
Q

zymogen

A

n inactive precuroser- large than active form

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15
Q

angiotensin II provide negative feedback to

A

ANP system

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16
Q

angiotensin also stipulates ADH release from the

A

also known as vasopressin ADH is released by the p.pituitary (made in the hypothalamus) in response to low BP. Causes aquaporins (2) to be added to principle cells, increase water reabsorption

  • increase BP
  • decrease diuresis
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17
Q

ANP/BNP are released in response to

A

cardiac destination
sympathetic stimulation (beta adrenergic)
angiotensin II

18
Q

mechanism of action of ANP/BNP

A

binds to natriuretic peptide receptors (NPRs) and stimulates guanlyly cycle to produce cGMP

  • cGMP causes s.muscle relaxation
  • due to is activation MLCP
  • vasodilation- increase in GFR
  • decrease in renin release
  • therefore increased soda conc and in urine and more of it
19
Q

ANP/BNP feedback cyle

A

1) ANP/BNp released int espouse to high BP
2) causes decreased renin release in the kidney, decreasing the release of ANG and ALDO
3) increase diuresis
4) decreased blood volume and therefore blood pressure
5) vasodilation

20
Q

the thyroid

A

an endocrine gland in the enc consisting of two lobes.

- thyroid romones ar released here- which primarily influence metabolic rate and protein synthesis

21
Q

hormonal output of the thyroid is regulated by

A

TSH- released from the a.pituitary

22
Q

thyroid hormones

A
  • building blocks are tyrosine and iodide
  • T3 and T4
  • cells producing thyroid hormone car arrange din follicles
23
Q

much more of…. is released than…

A

much more T4 is released than T3

- however T4 is converted to T3 in target cells

24
Q

T4 has a longer

A

half-life than T3

25
Q

T3 is responsible

A

for almost all thyroid activity

26
Q

action of T3/T4

A 
Basal/metabolic rate (generates heat/consume O2)
Cardiac muscle activity
Sympathetic NS activity
Protein synthesis/growth
Cerebral activity
Action of GH
27
Q

where ar most receptors for T3/T4 found

A

in the brain

28
Q

hormone cellular mechanism of T3/T4

A
  • stimulates nuclear receptors to activate DNA transcription
  • increases adaptive phosphorylation in the mitochondria, as well as mitochondrial DNA transcription
  • GPCR receptor- stimulates nuclear DNA transcription
29
Q

T3/T4 provide negative feedback to

A

hypothalamus and a.pituitary

30
Q

TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) stimulates the

A

anterior pituitary to release TSH

31
Q

TSH stimulates

A

the thyroid to release T3/T4

32
Q

GFR

A

the amount of filta=rate produced by both kidneys in a minute

33
Q

normal GFR

A

105 ml/min

34
Q

analysis of renal function can

A

be used to asses renal fucntion

35
Q

low GFR

A

waste product not excreted

36
Q

high GFR

A

filtrate passes through the tubules too quickly and can be reabsorbed

37
Q

affects of angiotensin 2

A

1) smooth muscle contraction ( AT1R)
2) kidney nephron (PCT) –> increase in sodium and HCO3– reabsorption- acid base balance
3) hypothlamus- increase thirst
4) adrenal glands- aldosterone release –> increases sodium and fluid retention in DCT and CD
5) ANP is released as negative feedback

38
Q

overall affect of angiotensin 2

A

sodium reabsorption, water reabsorption, increase in blood volume

39
Q

angiotensin 2 also causes the release of

A

ADH
release Posterior Pituitary.
↑ fluid retention- aquaporin’s (V2R-Gs).
Stimulates Na+-K+2Cl- cotransport TAL

40
Q

the menstrual cycle

A

1) GnrH produce and released from he hypothalamus
2) stimulates the a.pituitary to release FSH and LH
3) FSH causing maturation of the follicles int he ovaries
4) as the follicles grow, the y produce more oestrogen
5) when oestrogen meets is reaching threshold, negative feedback is sent o the a.pituitary
6) when threshold is met- oestrogen causes a surge in FSH and LH
7) surge in LH causes ovulation
8) empty follicle becomes corps luteum - which releases progesterone
9) progesterone causes endometrium to develop
10) high levels of progesterone inhibits FSH and LH - so only one pregnancy

41
Q

if not pregnant

A

CL will deteriorate and less progesterone produced- FSH and LH produced from A.pituitary

Disease, diagnostics and therapeutics (53 decks)

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