Cell death Flashcards

1
Q

three ways a cell can die

A

apoptosis
autophagy
necrosis

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2
Q

Type 1 programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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3
Q

stages of apoptosis simple

A

1) membran ebegins to blec
2) cell separates into membrane bound apoptotic bodies
3) cell shrinks
4) chromatin condenses
5) nuclear DNA fragments and organelles disintegrate
6) attracts macrophages to phagocytosse- cell content recycled

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4
Q

two pathways of apoptosis

A

intrinsic , extrinsic

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5
Q

which enzymes cause nuclear fragmentation

A

Casapse-3 cleaves ICAD, activating CAD

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6
Q

in the cell cycle, P53 detects DNA damage at the G1/S checkpoint and

A

triggers apoptosis- to stop the cell from becoming harmful and potentially cancerous

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7
Q

type 2 programmed cell death

A

autophagy

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8
Q

autophagy is characterised by

A

large vacuoles that eat any organelles before destruction of the nucleus

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9
Q

how is autphagy activated

A

by nutrient deprivation, neurodegenerative disease, stress, infection and cancer

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10
Q

stages of autophagy

A

1) isolation membrane formed
2) isolation mem collect unwanted cytoplasmic content
3) autophagosome forms
4) autoplysososme forms and degradation occurs - via acidicifaction

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11
Q

cytotoxic T cells express TCR that recognise seocfiic atnigens

A

e.g. cancerous cells- if the TCR is specific to it, it binds to its MHC 1 molecules and kills it

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12
Q

type 3 programmed cell death

A

necrosis

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13
Q

necrosis

A

trigged by external factors or disease

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14
Q

stages of necrosis

A

1) organelles swell
2) plasma membrane ruptures and autolysis occurs
3) releasing ROS- necrosis spreads
4) phagocytosis

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15
Q

difference between apoptosis and necrosis

A

1) apoptosis is triggere day normal processes in the body, whilst necrosis is triggered by external factors/ disease
2) apoptosis is beneficial, necrosis is abnormal nd harmful
3) in apoptosis organelles found in blebs, in necrosis organelles not found in blebs
4) in apoptosis cells splits into function apoptotic bodies, in necrosis, cell membrane ruptures releasing non function organelles

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16
Q

symptoms of apoptosis

A

no

17
Q

symptoms of necrosis

A

inflammation and tissue death

18
Q

wordy explanation of apoptosis

A

A cell is targeted, possibly due to DNA damage within the cell, or because of normal processes. Firstly, blebbing occurs and the cell starts to shrink. Furthermore, the nucleus and chromatin condense and nuclear fragmentation occurs. Secondly, apoptotic bodies form, containing functioning organelles. Finally, the apoptotic bodies are phagocytosed by neighbouring cells or macrophages.

19
Q

two pathways of apoptosis

A

intrinsic extrinsic

- both activate caspases

20
Q

Apoptosis - intrinsic pathway

A

mitochondrial

- development and homeostasis

21
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

death receptors

- immune response- controlling cell numbers

22
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

1) cytosolic stress
2) translocation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family to mito
3) mito releases cytochrome C
4) recruits Cas9- activates Cas3
5) apptosis

23
Q

Cas3

A

the executioner

24
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

1) FasL binds to Fas ont he death receptor
2) protein recruiting
3) death irncuign signal complex (DISC) formed
4) activating initiator Cas8
5) Cas8 activates Cas3/7
- -> executionors

25
Q

factors which cause necorsis

A
toxins, trauma, hypoxia, ROS
 Cell damaged 
 Influx of ca2+ ions 
 Calpain activation 
 Lysosome bursts 
 Cathepsin (enzymes) released 
 Cell death
26
Q

3 types of autophagy

A
micro
macro
chaperone mediated 
Formation of an autophagosome 
Fusion to lysosomes =    autophagolysosome 
Degradation via hydrolyses
27
Q

autophagy occurs in response to

A

starvation, mTOR

28
Q

autophagy is

A

caspase independent