Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disease, diagnostics and therapeutics > Diseases involving the immune system > Flashcards

Diseases involving the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

sepsis

A

SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION
A condition
when the bodies response to infection causes injury to its own organs and tissues - caused by the cytokine storm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sepsis is manifested by two or more of the following condition

A

hyperthemri >38.3) or hypothermia (<35.5), tachycardia, tachypnea, high white blood cell count, immature neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hyperthermia

A

above 38.3 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hypothermia

A

below 35.5 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tachycardia

A

above 100 beats/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tachypnea

A

above 20 breaths a min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

white blood cell count

A

above 12,000/mm3 or below 4,000/mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

immature neturophils

A

below 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

treatment for sepsis

A
  • intravenous fluid- tackle low BP and tachycardia

- antibiotics (as soon as possible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

biomarkers of spesis

A

-procalcitoin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why does sepsis cause organ failure

A

cytokines such as TNF, il_1, iL-6 may activate pro coagulation

  • causing endothelial damage
  • increasing anti-fibrinolysis
  • formation in small blood vessels will cause multiple organ failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sepsis simple

A

defined as a systemic infection which is accompanied by an acute inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

most common sepsis is

A

bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sepsis caused by gram negative bacteria

A

due to a response by the host to the lipid A (endotoxin) component of lipopolysaccharide found on the pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sepsis caused by gram positive bacteri

A

response to the cell wall lipoteichoic ci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bacterial exotoxins

A

act as super antigens also may cause sepsis- they bind MHC and T-cell receptors in the absence of antigen prevention- causes the forced released of cytokine by T-cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how are antibiotics administered

A

intramuscular (IM) or Intravenous (IV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

b-lactams

A

penicillin, cephalosporins, monobactams- work by interfering with synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Benzylpenicillin

A

narrow spectrum but effective against Neisseria and Haemophilia spp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins

A

broad spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sepsis and the cytokine storm

A

severity of infection is sure to an activation cascade that will lead to an auto amplifying cytokine production: the cytokine stomr- example of when the immune systems reaction can be fatak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cytokine

A

a broad category of a small protein, produced and released with the aim of cell signaling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cytokine storm

A

due to positive feedback loop of cytokines

24
Q

cytokines signal to immune cells such as

A

T cells and macrophages to travel to the site of infection

25
Q

after arriving at the site of infection

A

they are stimulated by more cytokines- this reaction becomes uncontrolled and too many immune cells become activated in one place

26
Q

example of how sepsis can affect the lungs

A

cause acute respiratory distress syndrome due to too many pro inflammatory cytokines:

  • necrosis
  • tissue destructioon
  • influx of leukocytes
  • dilation of blood vessels

fluids and immune cells may accumulate and block off the airways

27
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the menininges and subarachnoid space

28
Q

symptoms of meningitis

A

headaches, fevers, nuchal rigidity

29
Q

nuchal rigidity

A

difficulty touching the chin to the chest with the mouth close

30
Q

what is used to diagnose meningitis

A

CSF analysis

31
Q

what can cause meningitis

A

-bacteria (meningitis neisseria), fun, protozoa and sometimes noninfectious conditions

32
Q

which is the most serious meningitis

A

bacterial- most rapidly progressive

33
Q

aseptic meningitis

A

sometimes used synonymously with viral meningitis- however refer to acute meningitis caused by anything other than the bacteria that typically cause acute bacterial meningitis. Can be caused by viruses, drugs, disorder or occasional other organisms like Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi.

34
Q

what procedure is carried out to test for meningitis

A

a lumbar puncture- findings tend to differ by the type of meningitis but can overlap

35
Q

examples of viral meninigitis

A

herpes complex, mumps, HIV

36
Q

examples of fungal meningitis

A
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Candia albicans
  • Aspergillus fumigatus
37
Q

Bacterial causes of meningitis

A

S.aureus
E.coli
M.tb

38
Q

how may the CSF look

A

cloudy or bloody due to WBC.

39
Q

if neutrophils are present in the CSF the infection is most liekly

A

bacterial

40
Q

if lymphocytes present

A

viral or TB

41
Q

why is blood glucose lower in CSF during a bacterial infection

A

due to cells within the CSF metabolising glucose e..g bacteria, tumour, WBCs

42
Q

normal CSF

A
  • all lymphocytes are qual
  • less than 40mg/d; of protein
  • more than 50% of blood glucose
43
Q

CSF for bacterial meningitis

A
  • leukocytes greatly increased
  • proteins elected
  • less than 50% blood glucose
44
Q

specific tests for bacterial meningitis

A
  • gram staining yield is high if 10% colony forming unit of bacteria/mL
  • bacterial culture
  • PCR is available
45
Q

CSF for viral men

A
  • lymphocyes
  • elevated proteins
  • normal gluose
46
Q

specific tests for viral men

A

=PCR to check for enteroviruses or herpes complex or west nile

47
Q

CSF for fungal meningitis

A
  • lymphocytes
  • elevated
  • less than 50% of blood glucose
48
Q

specific test for fungal men

A
  • crypotcoccal antigen test.
  • fungal cult
  • india ink
49
Q

challenges of production of MenB

A

Men B this was the non-antigenic nature of some of the surface antigens as they resembled self-antigens.

50
Q

gram positive

A

purple

51
Q

gram negative

A

pink

52
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram positive (purple) diplococci

53
Q

Hameophilus influenzae

A

gram negative (pink) rod or coccobacilli

54
Q

Neisseria meningitis

A 
gram negative (pink)
diplococci
55
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

gram positive (purple) rod shaped

Disease, diagnostics and therapeutics (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions