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Disease, diagnostics and therapeutics > Influenza lecture > Flashcards

Influenza lecture Flashcards

1
Q

viruses are made up of

A

nucleic acid, protein coat, lipid envelope and vila proteins

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2
Q

virus basics

A

only replicate once host cell is infected

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3
Q

nucleic acid

A

either RNA or DNA

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4
Q

shape of virus

A

helical or isosahedral

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5
Q

lipid envelope

A

originates from host cells

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6
Q

stages of viral replication

A

1) virus enter cell by pinocytosis
2) virus sheds coat
3) replication of viral nucleic acid
4) synthesis of viral protein of capsid
5) assembly of new virion
6) release of new virion

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7
Q

what part of the virus facilities entry of the virus into the host cell

A

hem agglutinin- binding to sialic acid

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8
Q

what facilitates the release of the virus from infected host cell

A

Neuraminidase

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9
Q

viruses are classified based on

A

size, shape, type of nucleic acid in genome

and who they produce mRNA

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10
Q

how host cell synthesise protein

A

DNA is converted to complementary strand RNA in nucleus
mRNA moves out into cytoplasm where it attaches to a ribosome
mRNA acts as a template- amino acid binds to

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11
Q

non-sense RNA virus

A

1) replicating virus- nonsense RNA (viral RNA polymerase. RNA to RNA)
2) RNA
3) Ribosome produces caps protein from ribosome

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12
Q

sense RNA virus

A

1) Replicating virus- sense RNA
2) viral RNS polymerase (RNA to RNA)
3) RNA
4) RNA polymerase (RNA to RNA)
5) Ribosome produces caps protein from ribosome

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13
Q

sense RNA virus

A

cant act as RNA template

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14
Q

sense RNA virus cant act as RNA template

A

1) replicating virus. Sense RN that can not act as an RNA template
2) viral reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA)
3) DNA
4) host RNA polymerase (DNA to RNA)
5) RNA - ribosome - capsid protein

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15
Q

Baltimore classification

A

virus classification system that groups viruses into families, depending on their type of genome (DNA, RNA, single-stranded (ss), double-stranded (ds), etc..) and their method of replication.

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16
Q

how many groups in baltimore system

A

7

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17
Q

viral enzyme shave

A

low proof reading ability

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18
Q

mutations least likely in

A

Group 1- DNA -due to the host having proof reading machinery already

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19
Q

why are mutations more likely in other groups

A

more steps- mutations more liekly

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20
Q

types of genomic shift

A

drive and shift

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21
Q

drift

A

point mutations, make small changes

22
Q

shift

A

Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains.

happened when a genome is segmented. when pandemic occur- completely changes antigens
- unrecognisable

23
Q

example of a virus that has undergone genetic shift

A

H3H2 influenza virus

- mixture of H3 avian virus and H2N3 human virus

24
Q

how virus which aren’t dangerous to humans becomes dangerous

A
  • Type of influenza which infects a birds cannot infect a human, however the type of influenza virus that effects birds or humans, can both infect pigs. Therefor if we have a pig infected with both avian and human influenza, a type of new influenza (genomic shift), which can infect humans can be produced
25
Q

ham agglutinin is an antigen that is variable between subtypes ?

A

true

26
Q

genomic drift implies new vaccine is required

A

false-antigens will still be similar so same vaccine may work

27
Q

if virus are very small and cannot be visualised under a microscope what could be used for them to be detected

A
  • ELISA
  • PCR looking for viral DNA
  • RT-PCR looking for RNA virus
28
Q

can only use ELISA

A

when the body has started producing antibodies at day 5

29
Q

when the patient has just started reporting symptoms look at

A

site of infection e.g. nose or pharynx

30
Q

look for antibodies in

A

the blood

31
Q

throat swabs form patients convalescing 9recovering) from an infection are the most useful sample for oral testing?

A

false - better off looking for antibodies

32
Q

the plaque assay

A

used to measure virus time

33
Q

to performa a plaque assa

A

o 10-fold dilutions of a virus stock are prepared, and 0.1 ml aliquots are inoculated onto susceptible cell monolayers.
o After an incubation period, to allow virus to attach to cells, the monolayers are covered with a nutrient medium containing a substance, usually agar, that causes the formation of a gel.
o When the plates are incubated, the original infected cells release viral progeny. The spread of the new viruses is restricted to neighbouring cells by the gel.
o Consequently, each infectious particle produces a circular zone of infected cells called a plaque.
o Consequently, each infectious particle produces a circular zone of infected cells called a plaque.
o Eventually the plaque becomes large enough to be visible to the naked eye. Dyes that stain living cells are often used to enhance the contrast between the living cells and the plaques.

34
Q

why may plaque assay not be best

A

takes a bout a fortnight to get results back-not best if an outbreak

35
Q

what is a positive result with qualitative RT-PCR

A

an increase in fluorescence

36
Q

qPCR

A
  • Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, i.e. in real-time, and not at its end, as in conventional PCR.
37
Q

hameagglutination assay

A

quick way of measuring the amount of virus in a sample

- only works with viruses which bid to RBC

38
Q

assays rely on the fact

A

we can see what happens with RBC with the naked eye

39
Q

in a tube of blood..

A

abc will sink to the bottom of the tube due to gravity

40
Q

if we mix the right quantity of virus with the right quantity of rbc

A

then shield at the bottom of the tube will form

41
Q

why will a shield at the bottom of the of the tube form

A

due to the virus binding to sialic acid, causing cross linking between abc, forming a lattice and spreading to fit the bottom of the tube

42
Q

qRT-PCR can be used to distinguish diff influenza subtypes?

A

True- use PCR to look for virus, can tailor it so we have primers which pick out speicifc subtypes e.g. H1, H2 or H3

43
Q

when thinking if PCR can determine if specific dna is there

A

think specific primers

44
Q

Anti-N ELISA tests for exposure to a virus or vaccine

A

Yes- my body has seen this virus or through a vaccination and has produced anti bodies against it

45
Q

if virus is present

A

shield will be formed instead of button

46
Q

the hameaglgutination INHIBITION test produces a (antibody present)

A

a button since the reaction steps the virus from binding so abc fall as a button- no lattice formed

47
Q

viral detection in clinical samples

A
  • Genomic techniques
  • Antibodies against them
  • Cell culture
  • Hameagglutination
  • Plaque assays
  • ELISA
48
Q

sample for hamealgutination assays must be taken

A

at acute stage- symptoms

-second serum taken during convalescent stage- when antibodies ar eliekly to be present

49
Q

why in hameglutination inhibition assay is a button a positive result

A

since antibody has captured the virus so abc has fallen to the bottom as a button

50
Q

example of how haemagglutiantion assays can be used

A
  • When john was acutely ill there were not many antibodies against H1 or H3
  • However when he was recovering he had many positive button results for wells with antibodies against H1, but few positive results for H3 antigens
  • Therefor he is likely to have suffered an infection from an H1 virus

Disease, diagnostics and therapeutics (53 decks)

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