Theory of mind

Question 1

Theory of mind

Answer 1

understand another’s perspective including affective and cognitive (infer mental states thoughts and feeling of self and others)

Question 2

two orders of theory of mind

Answer 2

1st-anothers mental state 2nd- infer ones mental state about anothers

Question 3

Brain areas involved with ToM

Answer 3

mentalising network

Question 4

Prerequisite for ToM and what dose ToM lead to

Answer 4

joint attention
empathy and morality

Question 5

ToM impacts in children

Answer 5

friendships, lying, persuasion/arguments, learning and acceptance of feedback

Question 6

sequence of ToM

Answer 6

Diverse desires, Diverse beliefs, Knowledge access, false-belief and hidden emotion

Question 7

cultural differences in sequence

Answer 7

ka acquired before db (chinese)

Question 8

what can lead to delayed development

Answer 8

deafness and autism

Question 9

Mental states

Answer 9

Unobservable, unique and content rich

Question 10

Beginnings of theory of mind

Answer 10

Premack and Woodruff- chimpanzees watch actors try to reach banana. chimps can discriminate between photos of success so have mental states

Question 11

Maxi task

Answer 11

Wimmer and Perner children detect false beliefs 0% 3-4 year olds compared to majority of 6-9

Question 12

Sally-Anne task

Answer 12

Baron-Cohen- majority of 4.5 year olds above chance compared to autism

Question 13

Smarties task

Answer 13

Perner, Leekam and Wimmer- actually pencils. Asked about own belief before and what others beliefs would be. Better at others beliefs then self with a big jump at 4

Question 14

Theory-theorists

Answer 14

naïve theories of how world work. conceptual changes effect how understand mind. catalytic change to develop theory of mind. domain general and not innate

Question 15

Wellman’s theory-theorist

Answer 15

reasoning about desire to belief reasoning (3-4) start to generate theories about belief - i think

Question 16

Perner’s theory-theorist

Answer 16

mental states move from concepts as mentalistic (predict others behaviours) to an understanding that they represent beliefs
able to manipulate dual representations so have meta representation insight

Question 17

Desire-before belief food study

Answer 17

Broccoli or crackers. adults express which one they like. kids then predict desires 14 month olds ant and only do own preference

Question 18

Appearance-reality distinction study

Answer 18

Shown sponge painted like a rock. asked what looked like and what it is.
rises between 3-4 strong relationship with false-belief task.

Question 19

Age transitions of theory of mind

Answer 19

Perner- presentation mental model of world but don’t understand its representational
Secondary representation- multiple models by rearranging perceptual info
meta-representation- construct model of relationship between a representation and what it models

Question 20

Metarepresentation

Answer 20

thoughts about thoughts. an awareness that you can think about something

Question 21

Representation and pretend play

Answer 21

secondary representation - reorganise some features
meta-representation decoupled similar properties but different functions.
Functional play vs symbolic play

Question 22

Spatial search

Answer 22

need representation insight to grasp relation of symbol and actual place.
watch toy being hidden in scaled down version performance shift from 2-5 years.
better with more experience, distance and waiting

Question 23

Embodied nativist view

Answer 23

Leslie- 3 fail due to performance limits
can make automatic inferences (understand mental and false belief)
Limited by non-ToM factors

Question 24

Embodied conceptual account

Answer 24

Perner and Bloom- Failure due to competence limits. make simple inferences
False belief limited by mental state reasoning (haven’t made conceptual shift yet)

Question 25

Critical view

Answer 25

Baillargeon’s mentalistic understanding.
infant already have belief
Infants cognition is rich hold knowledge about what others know an can predict behaviour
Evidence from VOE paradigm
mentalistic interpretation - mental states adaptive an hard-wired but can not be expressed.

Question 26

Embedded Challenge

Answer 26

Learned as cultural knowledge
other studies included small samples of western children with ToM test not being culturally sensitive.
so is it universal and diverse (not one single definition)

Question 27

Embedded ToM

Answer 27

FB emerges from micro steps
Conturo et al-Scalar measure of ToM - consistent across cultures (develops between 3-4)