models of adult personality Flashcards
What dose the HEXACO personality inventory test for
Honesty-Humility
Emotionality
eXtraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to expirence
four facets of Honesty-Humility
Sincerity
Fairness
Greed Avoidance
Modesty
Four facets of emotionality
Fearfulness
Anxiety
Dependence
Sentimentality
Four facets of Extraversion
Expressiveness
social Boldness
sociability
liveliness
Four facets of Agreeableness
Forgiveness
Gentleness
Flexibility
Patience
Four facets of Conscientiousness Domain
Organisation
Diligence
perfectionism
Prudence
Four Facets of Openness to Experience
Aesthetic Appreciation
Inquisitiveness
Creativity
Unconventionality
Which two HEXACO show largest gender differences
Emotionality
Honesty-Humility
type of model which historical perspectives tend to be
typologies
model of personality created around 600BC
astrological theory assigned 1 of 18 signs based on dob
Evidence against astrological theory
Performed no better then chance when matching person based on sign to their personality (Carlson)
What did the ancient Greece believe about personality
personality based on bodily fluids links to E VS I AND S VS N
Sheldon’s perspective
based on body type
endo, meso and ecto
larger - skinner
Evidence against Sheldon
saw larger as happier but having high BMI is linked to depression (Stunkard et al)
Problems with typologies
assume we fit into discrete categories that are qualitatively different
too few simple variables
Trait
constructs used to describe differences between people
predict behaviour and can explain how they influence behaviour and origins of themselves
Idiographic
aspect of personality unique to each individual- prefer case studies
Nomothetic
small number of traits exist that are universal
Parsimonious models
Explaining large chunks of variety with small simple concepts
Lexical Hypothesis
Galton- descriptors used more frequently, have more synonyms and cross-culturally in language indicate more important personality features
Allport’s method
4,500 words of personality
5-10 central traits
cardinal traits dominate whole personality
Cattell method
factor analysis led to 16 personality factor model
Factor analysis
searches for joint variations
Eysenck personality model
Hierarchical model from factor analysis
three super-traits - E, N, P
Support for extraversion (Eysenck)
-twin studies demonstrate biological aspect
-e prefer studying in busier environment links to cortical arsoual
What are neuroticism and psychoticism linked to
n- arousal of reticular limbic circuit
p- risk of mental illness
Gray’s theory
Behavioural approach system - ^impulsivity -> ^sensitivity to reward and non-punishment - high E and N
Behavioural inhibition system- ^ Anxiety -> ^ sensitivity to non-reward and punishment - low E and high N
Preferred method of trait assessment
Verbal report
Causal Primacy of traits
trait to behaviour
Inner locus
important traits relate to core quality of person and influenced by genetical factors
Against causal primacy
descriptions of natural categories and situation-behaviour contingencies
Against inner locus
superficial mask people wear
Psychometrics
How good of a measuring tool a questionnaire is
3 essential criteria of psychometric single scales
Reliability- accuracy that it measures a given quality (correlate)
Stability- test retest correlation
Validity- assess what its meant to
Limitations of factor analysis
data not suitable (doesn’t correlate/sample size)
which technique to use
what it means
OCEAN refers to
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
McCrae and Costa view on traits and biology
genetically influenced (expressions of genotypes but not linked to neural processes)
Natural-language approach
Languages ability to encode important phycological phenomena
factor analysis provide insight and simplification
natural-language and big 5
balances out practicality and descriptive power
encompasses higher level traits
evidence that 5 good number (Norman, John, Lewis and Goldberg)
Five- factor model hierarchal
Each factor has 6 facets
Big 5 and Brain regions
DeYoung et al- volumetric MRI for regions which correlate with big 5
extraversion brain area
medial orbitofrontal cortex- reward values of stimuli
Neuroticism brain area
increased volume in midcingulate gyrus (sensitivity to treat and punishment)
Agreeableness brain area
posterior cingulate cortex - interpretations of others actions and understanding others beliefs
Conscientiousness brain area
middle frontal gyrus- maintaining info in working memory and execution of plans
openness brain area
no major brain volume associations
Self report vs other report
High correlation between them (Kenny)
higher with extraversion compared to conscientiousness
When to do self report vs other report
self- most times as easier
other- clinical
Cross cultural approaches
Etic-translate from English
Emic- start from scratch
Etic approach
Holfstede et al - translate Dutch and German. consistency for 4/5
Dutch lacked similar grouping for openness
5 factors universal
yes- languages show consistency (McCrea and Costa)
No- translating to English just makes them appear more consistent
Emic approach
Di Blas and Forzi - Italian factor analysis
E,A,C consistent but N and O not
So maybe big 3
sixth factor study
Lee and Ashton - major languages other then English encoded honesty humility
Parallel research for sixth factor
Dark Triad
Narcissism
Machiavellianism
Psychopathy
Cross-sectional consistency
interaction between dispositional and situational
Fleeson and Gallagher - meta-analysis
self questionnaires and journal reports showed good correlation
Criticism of Big 5
No explain of why differences in personality
not applicable in clinical settings
Strengths of Big 5
very descriptive and can easily differentiate individuals
Weakness of major trait theories
Don’t cover all traits eg Humour
Broader view of personality
Motivations
skills (intelligence vs non-cognitive)
Narrative identity
