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individual and social cognition > models of adult personality > Flashcards

models of adult personality Flashcards

1
Q

What dose the HEXACO personality inventory test for

A

Honesty-Humility
Emotionality
eXtraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to expirence

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2
Q

four facets of Honesty-Humility

A

Sincerity
Fairness
Greed Avoidance
Modesty

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3
Q

Four facets of emotionality

A

Fearfulness
Anxiety
Dependence
Sentimentality

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4
Q

Four facets of Extraversion

A

Expressiveness
social Boldness
sociability
liveliness

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5
Q

Four facets of Agreeableness

A

Forgiveness
Gentleness
Flexibility
Patience

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6
Q

Four facets of Conscientiousness Domain

A

Organisation
Diligence
perfectionism
Prudence

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7
Q

Four Facets of Openness to Experience

A

Aesthetic Appreciation
Inquisitiveness
Creativity
Unconventionality

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8
Q

Which two HEXACO show largest gender differences

A

Emotionality
Honesty-Humility

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9
Q

type of model which historical perspectives tend to be

A

typologies

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10
Q

model of personality created around 600BC

A

astrological theory assigned 1 of 18 signs based on dob

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11
Q

Evidence against astrological theory

A

Performed no better then chance when matching person based on sign to their personality (Carlson)

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12
Q

What did the ancient Greece believe about personality

A

personality based on bodily fluids links to E VS I AND S VS N

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13
Q

Sheldon’s perspective

A

based on body type
endo, meso and ecto
larger - skinner

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14
Q

Evidence against Sheldon

A

saw larger as happier but having high BMI is linked to depression (Stunkard et al)

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15
Q

Problems with typologies

A

assume we fit into discrete categories that are qualitatively different
too few simple variables

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16
Q

Trait

A

constructs used to describe differences between people
predict behaviour and can explain how they influence behaviour and origins of themselves

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17
Q

Idiographic

A

aspect of personality unique to each individual- prefer case studies

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18
Q

Nomothetic

A

small number of traits exist that are universal

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19
Q

Parsimonious models

A

Explaining large chunks of variety with small simple concepts

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20
Q

Lexical Hypothesis

A

Galton- descriptors used more frequently, have more synonyms and cross-culturally in language indicate more important personality features

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21
Q

Allport’s method

A

4,500 words of personality
5-10 central traits
cardinal traits dominate whole personality

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22
Q

Cattell method

A

factor analysis led to 16 personality factor model

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23
Q

Factor analysis

A

searches for joint variations

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24
Q

Eysenck personality model

A

Hierarchical model from factor analysis
three super-traits - E, N, P

25
Q

Support for extraversion (Eysenck)

A

-twin studies demonstrate biological aspect
-e prefer studying in busier environment links to cortical arsoual

26
Q

What are neuroticism and psychoticism linked to

A

n- arousal of reticular limbic circuit
p- risk of mental illness

27
Q

Gray’s theory

A

Behavioural approach system - ^impulsivity -> ^sensitivity to reward and non-punishment - high E and N
Behavioural inhibition system- ^ Anxiety -> ^ sensitivity to non-reward and punishment - low E and high N

28
Q

Preferred method of trait assessment

A

Verbal report

29
Q

Causal Primacy of traits

A

trait to behaviour

30
Q

Inner locus

A

important traits relate to core quality of person and influenced by genetical factors

31
Q

Against causal primacy

A

descriptions of natural categories and situation-behaviour contingencies

32
Q

Against inner locus

A

superficial mask people wear

33
Q

Psychometrics

A

How good of a measuring tool a questionnaire is

34
Q

3 essential criteria of psychometric single scales

A

Reliability- accuracy that it measures a given quality (correlate)
Stability- test retest correlation
Validity- assess what its meant to

35
Q

Limitations of factor analysis

A

data not suitable (doesn’t correlate/sample size)
which technique to use
what it means

36
Q

OCEAN refers to

A

Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness

37
Q

McCrae and Costa view on traits and biology

A

genetically influenced (expressions of genotypes but not linked to neural processes)

38
Q

Natural-language approach

A

Languages ability to encode important phycological phenomena
factor analysis provide insight and simplification

39
Q

natural-language and big 5

A

balances out practicality and descriptive power
encompasses higher level traits
evidence that 5 good number (Norman, John, Lewis and Goldberg)

40
Q

Five- factor model hierarchal

A

Each factor has 6 facets

41
Q

Big 5 and Brain regions

A

DeYoung et al- volumetric MRI for regions which correlate with big 5

42
Q

extraversion brain area

A

medial orbitofrontal cortex- reward values of stimuli

43
Q

Neuroticism brain area

A

increased volume in midcingulate gyrus (sensitivity to treat and punishment)

44
Q

Agreeableness brain area

A

posterior cingulate cortex - interpretations of others actions and understanding others beliefs

45
Q

Conscientiousness brain area

A

middle frontal gyrus- maintaining info in working memory and execution of plans

46
Q

openness brain area

A

no major brain volume associations

47
Q

Self report vs other report

A

High correlation between them (Kenny)
higher with extraversion compared to conscientiousness

48
Q

When to do self report vs other report

A

self- most times as easier
other- clinical

49
Q

Cross cultural approaches

A

Etic-translate from English
Emic- start from scratch

50
Q

Etic approach

A

Holfstede et al - translate Dutch and German. consistency for 4/5
Dutch lacked similar grouping for openness

51
Q

5 factors universal

A

yes- languages show consistency (McCrea and Costa)
No- translating to English just makes them appear more consistent

52
Q

Emic approach

A

Di Blas and Forzi - Italian factor analysis
E,A,C consistent but N and O not
So maybe big 3

53
Q

sixth factor study

A

Lee and Ashton - major languages other then English encoded honesty humility

54
Q

Parallel research for sixth factor

A

Dark Triad
Narcissism
Machiavellianism
Psychopathy

55
Q

Cross-sectional consistency

A

interaction between dispositional and situational
Fleeson and Gallagher - meta-analysis
self questionnaires and journal reports showed good correlation

56
Q

Criticism of Big 5

A

No explain of why differences in personality
not applicable in clinical settings

57
Q

Strengths of Big 5

A

very descriptive and can easily differentiate individuals

58
Q

Weakness of major trait theories

A

Don’t cover all traits eg Humour

59
Q

Broader view of personality

A

Motivations
skills (intelligence vs non-cognitive)
Narrative identity

individual and social cognition (20 decks)

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