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individual and social cognition > models of adult personality > Flashcards

models of adult personality Flashcards

1
Q

What dose the HEXACO personality inventory test for

A

Honesty-Humility
Emotionality
eXtraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to expirence

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2
Q

four facets of Honesty-Humility

A

Sincerity
Fairness
Greed Avoidance
Modesty

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3
Q

Four facets of emotionality

A

Fearfulness
Anxiety
Dependence
Sentimentality

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4
Q

Four facets of Extraversion

A

Expressiveness
social Boldness
sociability
liveliness

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5
Q

Four facets of Agreeableness

A

Forgiveness
Gentleness
Flexibility
Patience

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6
Q

Four facets of Conscientiousness Domain

A

Organisation
Diligence
perfectionism
Prudence

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7
Q

Four Facets of Openness to Experience

A

Aesthetic Appreciation
Inquisitiveness
Creativity
Unconventionality

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8
Q

Which two HEXACO show largest gender differences

A

Emotionality
Honesty-Humility

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9
Q

type of model which historical perspectives tend to be

A

typologies

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10
Q

model of personality created around 600BC

A

astrological theory assigned 1 of 18 signs based on dob

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11
Q

Evidence against astrological theory

A

Performed no better then chance when matching person based on sign to their personality (Carlson)

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12
Q

What did the ancient Greece believe about personality

A

personality based on bodily fluids links to E VS I AND S VS N

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13
Q

Sheldon’s perspective

A

based on body type
endo, meso and ecto
larger - skinner

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14
Q

Evidence against Sheldon

A

saw larger as happier but having high BMI is linked to depression (Stunkard et al)

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15
Q

Problems with typologies

A

assume we fit into discrete categories that are qualitatively different
too few simple variables

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16
Q

Trait

A

constructs used to describe differences between people
predict behaviour and can explain how they influence behaviour and origins of themselves

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17
Q

Idiographic

A

aspect of personality unique to each individual- prefer case studies

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18
Q

Nomothetic

A

small number of traits exist that are universal

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19
Q

Parsimonious models

A

Explaining large chunks of variety with small simple concepts

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20
Q

Lexical Hypothesis

A

Galton- descriptors used more frequently, have more synonyms and cross-culturally in language indicate more important personality features

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21
Q

Allport’s method

A

4,500 words of personality
5-10 central traits
cardinal traits dominate whole personality

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22
Q

Cattell method

A

factor analysis led to 16 personality factor model

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23
Q

Factor analysis

A

searches for joint variations

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24
Q

Eysenck personality model

A

Hierarchical model from factor analysis
three super-traits - E, N, P

25
Support for extraversion (Eysenck)
-twin studies demonstrate biological aspect -e prefer studying in busier environment links to cortical arsoual
26
What are neuroticism and psychoticism linked to
n- arousal of reticular limbic circuit p- risk of mental illness
27
Gray's theory
Behavioural approach system - ^impulsivity -> ^sensitivity to reward and non-punishment - high E and N Behavioural inhibition system- ^ Anxiety -> ^ sensitivity to non-reward and punishment - low E and high N
28
Preferred method of trait assessment
Verbal report
29
Causal Primacy of traits
trait to behaviour
30
Inner locus
important traits relate to core quality of person and influenced by genetical factors
31
Against causal primacy
descriptions of natural categories and situation-behaviour contingencies
32
Against inner locus
superficial mask people wear
33
Psychometrics
How good of a measuring tool a questionnaire is
34
3 essential criteria of psychometric single scales
Reliability- accuracy that it measures a given quality (correlate) Stability- test retest correlation Validity- assess what its meant to
35
Limitations of factor analysis
data not suitable (doesn't correlate/sample size) which technique to use what it means
36
OCEAN refers to
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness
37
McCrae and Costa view on traits and biology
genetically influenced (expressions of genotypes but not linked to neural processes)
38
Natural-language approach
Languages ability to encode important phycological phenomena factor analysis provide insight and simplification
39
natural-language and big 5
balances out practicality and descriptive power encompasses higher level traits evidence that 5 good number (Norman, John, Lewis and Goldberg)
40
Five- factor model hierarchal
Each factor has 6 facets
41
Big 5 and Brain regions
DeYoung et al- volumetric MRI for regions which correlate with big 5
42
extraversion brain area
medial orbitofrontal cortex- reward values of stimuli
43
Neuroticism brain area
increased volume in midcingulate gyrus (sensitivity to treat and punishment)
44
Agreeableness brain area
posterior cingulate cortex - interpretations of others actions and understanding others beliefs
45
Conscientiousness brain area
middle frontal gyrus- maintaining info in working memory and execution of plans
46
openness brain area
no major brain volume associations
47
Self report vs other report
High correlation between them (Kenny) higher with extraversion compared to conscientiousness
48
When to do self report vs other report
self- most times as easier other- clinical
49
Cross cultural approaches
Etic-translate from English Emic- start from scratch
50
Etic approach
Holfstede et al - translate Dutch and German. consistency for 4/5 Dutch lacked similar grouping for openness
51
5 factors universal
yes- languages show consistency (McCrea and Costa) No- translating to English just makes them appear more consistent
52
Emic approach
Di Blas and Forzi - Italian factor analysis E,A,C consistent but N and O not So maybe big 3
53
sixth factor study
Lee and Ashton - major languages other then English encoded honesty humility
54
Parallel research for sixth factor
Dark Triad Narcissism Machiavellianism Psychopathy
55
Cross-sectional consistency
interaction between dispositional and situational Fleeson and Gallagher - meta-analysis self questionnaires and journal reports showed good correlation
56
Criticism of Big 5
No explain of why differences in personality not applicable in clinical settings
57
Strengths of Big 5
very descriptive and can easily differentiate individuals
58
Weakness of major trait theories
Don't cover all traits eg Humour
59
Broader view of personality
Motivations skills (intelligence vs non-cognitive) Narrative identity

individual and social cognition (23 decks)

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