Social Attention, gaze and interaction

Question 1

Types of eye movements

Answer 1

Fixation- stability (high resolution)
Saccades- change gaze direction (3-4x sec)

Question 2

Gaze important for social interaction

Answer 2

coordinating joint behaviour
regulating multiparity interactions
social learning

Question 3

measuring gaze

Answer 3

Early eye tracking
Eyelink
Imotions

Question 4

Gaze to faces

Answer 4

Yarbus- tend to gaze at faces to judge age and emotion. gaze biases and scanning patterns linked to observer’s tasks (top-down demands
x- free viewing gaze different so may not generalise

Question 5

Face recognition

Answer 5

Laidlaw and Kingstone- two processes encoding and decoding (recognition)
restrain where look at encoding.
if don’t look at eyes then do worse at recognition then dlm
though free view best so holistic process?
x- paradigm not gaze contingent

Question 6

Two fixations suffice

Answer 6

Hsiao and Cottrell- phase where learn face. let make certain number of fixations before mask. with 2 fixations accurate and 1 still above chance after plateaus

Question 7

Psychophysics

Answer 7

paradigm- which degree sensory info effects experience

Question 8

Prosopagnosia and psychophysics (eye bubble)

Answer 8

Caldara et al- remove features of face
bubbles used to identify physical features correlated with perceptual decisions
control focused on eye features
prosopagnosia- reduced use of eye
x- doesn’t always look like a face so testing something else

Question 9

Gaze to emotional faces

Answer 9

Schurgin et al- diagnostic emotion info varies by facial express
gaze behaviour differentiates emotional expressions

Question 10

Fixations and emotional expression

Answer 10

Calvo et al- People do better when foveal (face at fixation) then parafoveal and peripheral but still above chance
happiness performs well at all

Question 11

optimal gaze strategy

Answer 11

Peterson and Eckstein- fixating below eyes is optimal across tasks and time constraints

Question 13

Different types of gaze

Answer 13

Mutual gaze vs Averted gaze
gaze following
joint attention
shared attention
theory of mind

Question 14

gaze direction afford to social interaction

Answer 14

locus of others attention
spatial cues
intention and mental states

Question 15

Sensitivity to gaze direction

Answer 15

Gibson and pick- looker gazed past ppt to different spots- estimate where they were looking
influenced by bot head and eye positions
sensitive to slight deviation in gaze directions

Question 16

Gaze detection brain area

Answer 16

Anterior superior temporal sulcus (recognising stimuli used in social communication)
Amygdala (role in emotion of eyes)
fusiform gyrus

Question 17

Weakness of gaze studies

Answer 17

dual function - acquire and signal info
missing speaker status , interpersonal and cultural context
ecological validity - don’t always want to be known that looking at people

Question 18

dual function of gaze

Answer 18

look at faces - manipulate social rank info and whether one-way or two-way viewing
one way- eyes
two way - less eyes

Question 19

Gaze cuing in early infancy

Answer 19

Hood et al- congruent or incongruent gaze to probe
infants visual attention (reaction time) affected by adults eyes

Question 20

Eyes vs arrows

Answer 20

Aranda-Martin- faster reaction times to eyes

Question 21

Atypical development (autism) and eye tracking

Answer 21

holistic scan path
eye avoidance
(Pelphrey et al)

Question 22

Hyperarousal and eye avoidance

Answer 22

most people look up to eyes
autism look down to mouth

Question 23

E/i imbalance hypothesis

Answer 23

Hadjikhani et al- facial processing area impacted due to E/I imbalance leading to aversive eye contact and reduced eye and face experience

Question 24

Speech perception and gaze

Answer 24

Buchan et al- gaze directed to mouth and even more so when multi-talker noise was added

Question 25

Bias for infant eyes

Answer 25

Johnson et al - prefer to track unscrambled faces
Wilcox et al - develop around 1

Question 26

eyes automatic attraction of gaze

Answer 26

Laidlaw et al - can not inhibit some fixation to eye when told to avoid

Question 27

fixation to face and context

Answer 27

affected by context
Scott et al - monologue, manual actions and misdirection
Face for monologue hand for other. face more if actor made direct eye contact

Question 28

Face scanning patterns

Answer 28

Idiosyncratic (unique) and somewhat hereditary (identical twin closer patterns)

Question 29

Number of cells responding to what gaze sees affect by

Answer 29

presence of eyes and head
cells specific to head orientation
position of eyes