Social Attention, gaze and interaction Flashcards
Types of eye movements
Fixation- stability (high resolution)
Saccades- change gaze direction (3-4x sec)
Gaze important for social interaction
coordinating joint behaviour
regulating multiparity interactions
social learning
measuring gaze
Early eye tracking
Eyelink
Imotions
Gaze to faces
Yarbus- tend to gaze at faces to judge age and emotion. gaze biases and scanning patterns linked to observer’s tasks (top-down demands
x- free viewing gaze different so may not generalise
Face recognition
Laidlaw and Kingstone- two processes encoding and decoding (recognition)
restrain where look at encoding.
if don’t look at eyes then do worse at recognition then dlm
though free view best so holistic process?
x- paradigm not gaze contingent
Two fixations suffice
Hsiao and Cottrell- phase where learn face. let make certain number of fixations before mask. with 2 fixations accurate and 1 still above chance after plateaus
Psychophysics
paradigm- which degree sensory info effects experience
Prosopagnosia and psychophysics (eye bubble)
Caldara et al- remove features of face
bubbles used to identify physical features correlated with perceptual decisions
control focused on eye features
prosopagnosia- reduced use of eye
x- doesn’t always look like a face so testing something else
Gaze to emotional faces
Schurgin et al- diagnostic emotion info varies by facial express
gaze behaviour differentiates emotional expressions
Fixations and emotional expression
Calvo et al- People do better when foveal (face at fixation) then parafoveal and peripheral but still above chance
happiness performs well at all
optimal gaze strategy
Peterson and Eckstein- fixating below eyes is optimal across tasks and time constraints
Different types of gaze
Mutual gaze vs Averted gaze
gaze following
joint attention
shared attention
theory of mind
gaze direction afford to social interaction
locus of others attention
spatial cues
intention and mental states
Sensitivity to gaze direction
Gibson and pick- looker gazed past ppt to different spots- estimate where they were looking
influenced by bot head and eye positions
sensitive to slight deviation in gaze directions
Gaze detection brain area
Anterior superior temporal sulcus (recognising stimuli used in social communication)
Amygdala (role in emotion of eyes)
fusiform gyrus
Weakness of gaze studies
dual function - acquire and signal info
missing speaker status , interpersonal and cultural context
ecological validity - don’t always want to be known that looking at people
dual function of gaze
look at faces - manipulate social rank info and whether one-way or two-way viewing
one way- eyes
two way - less eyes
Gaze cuing in early infancy
Hood et al- congruent or incongruent gaze to probe
infants visual attention (reaction time) affected by adults eyes
Eyes vs arrows
Aranda-Martin- faster reaction times to eyes
Atypical development (autism) and eye tracking
holistic scan path
eye avoidance
(Pelphrey et al)
Hyperarousal and eye avoidance
most people look up to eyes
autism look down to mouth
E/i imbalance hypothesis
Hadjikhani et al- Autism stronger connections so hyperarousal towards eyes which is uncomfortable so avoid
Speech perception and gaze
Buchan et al- gaze directed to mouth and even more so when multi-talker noise was added
Bias for infant eyes
Johnson et al - prefer to track unscrambled faces
Wilcox et al - develop around 1
eyes automatic attraction of gaze
Laidlaw et al - can not inhibit some fixation to eye when told to avoid
fixation to face and context
affected by context
Scott et al - monologue, manual actions and misdirection
Face for monologue hand for other. face more if actor made direct eye contact
Face scanning patterns
Idiosyncratic (unique) and somewhat hereditary (identical twin closer patterns)
Number of cells responding to what gaze sees affect by
presence of eyes and head
cells specific to head orientation
position of eyes
Help look at eyes more
dopamine antagonist
Individual differences
alexithymia- struggle understanding emotions. explore face differently and amount of time looking at eyes
