The Vascular System Part 2 Flashcards
describe the IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES between ARTERIES and VEINS
ARTERIES:
- they RUN DEEP
VEINS:
- run BOTH DEEP + SUPERFICIAL
DEEP VEINS;
have the same name as their CORRESPONDING ARTERY
SUPERFICIAL VEINS;
they do NOT share the same name with their corresponding artery
describe VENOUS PATHWAYS
- much more INTERCONNECTED
- have more than one name - can be harder to FLOW
what are the specific VENOUS DRAINAGE SYSTEMS for the BRAIN and DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS?
- BRAIN: DURAL VENOUS SINUSES
- DIGESTIVE SYS: HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM (perfuses through the liver before RETURNING to the HEART)
definition of PULMONARY CIRCULATION
helps with carrying DEOXYGENATED BLOOD AWAY from the HEART into the LUNGS and RETURNS OXYGENATED BLOOD back into the heart
which arteries supply the MYOCARDIUM with oxygen?
- RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY
- LEFT CORONARY ARTERY
what are the BRANCHES of the RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY?
- POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR/DESCENDING ARTERY
- MARGINAL ARTERY
what are the BRANCHES of the LEFT CORONARY ARTERY?
- ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR/DESCENDING ARTERY
- CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY
what are the AORTIC ARCH BRANCHES? and what parts of the body do they SUPPLY?
AORTIC ARCH BRANCHES:
- RIGHT BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY
- LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
- LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
supplies our UPPER BODY, ARMS, HEAD, and the NECK
what are the MAJOR SUBCLAVIAN BRANCHES? and what do they SUPPLY (D)?
- L/R AXILLARY ARTERIES (upper limb)
- L/R BRACHIAL ARTERIES (upper arm, forearm, elbow)
- L/R RADIAL + ULNAR ARTERIES (forearm, wrist, hand)
- L/R DIGITAL ARTERIES (phalanges, fingers)
supplies the UPPER LIMBS
what are the MAJOR (RIGHT) BRACHIOCEPHALIC BRANCHES and what do they SUPPLY ?
REMEMBER THERE IS NO LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK!!!
- **the RIGHT BRACHIOCEPHALIC BRANCH leads into our RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
MAJOR (RIGHT) BRACHIOCEPHALIC BRANCHES:
- L/R COMMON CAROTID
(supplies the HEAD AND NECK)
has other TWO-SUBDIVISIONS;
- L/R EXTERNAL CAROTID
(supplies the HEAD–face, scalp, skull, and the meninges) - L/R INTERNAL CAROTID
(supplies the brain)
what are the MAJOR SUBCLAVIAN BRANCHES and what do they SUPPLY?
- VERTEBRAL ARTERY
- BASILAR ARTERY
supplies the HEAD and NECK
- often found BELOW the CLAVICLES
where does the BASILAR ARTERY supply to, does it have any type of SPECIAL BRANCHING?
BASILAR ARTERY:
- supplies into the BRAIN–and supplies blood to the CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION
- ***creation of the CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE (CIRCLE OF WILLIS);
- POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
- POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY
- ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
- ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY
what does the CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE (CIRCLE OF WILLIS) supply? and what’s their order within the brain?
leads from the VERTEBRAL ARTERY»_space;> BASILAR ARTERY;
- POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
- POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY
- ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
- ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY
supplies OXYGENATED BLOOD, GLUCOSE, and NUTRIENTS to the BRAIN
describe the THORACIC AORTA
- begins at the LOWER BORDER of the FOURTH THORACIC VERTEBRA
- is CONTINUOUS with the AORTIC ARCH
- ends in front of the LOWER BORDER of the 12th THORACIC VERTEBRA
what are the VISCERAL BRANCHES of the THORACIC AORTA and what do they SUPPLY (4)?
- PERICARDIAL BRANCH (supplies the PERICARDIUM)
- BRONCHIAL BRANCH (supplies the LUNGS and BRONCHI)
- ESOPHAGEAL BRANCH (supplies the ESOPHAGUS)
- MEDIASTINAL BRANCH (supplies the POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM)
what are the PARIETAL BRANCHES of the THORACIC AORTA and what do they SUPPLY (4)?
- POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL BRANCH (supplies the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES, SPINAL CORD, VERTEBRAE, PLEURAE, and the SKIN)
- SUBCOSTAL BRANCH
- SUPERIOR PHRENIC (supplies the POSTERIOR and SUPERIOR DIAPHRAGM)
what are the VISCERAL BRANCHES of the ABDOMINAL AORTA (6) AND WHAT DO THEY SUPPY?
- CELIAC TRUNK (has multiple subdivisions that will be addressed later)
- SUPERIOR MESENTERIC (also has multiple subdivisions BUT BROADLY; the SMALL INTESTINE and COLON)
- SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL GLANDS)
- RENAL (KIDNEYS)
- GONADAL (TESTICULAR OR OVARIAN)
- INFERIOR MESENTERIC (also has its subdivisions)
what are the CELIAC TRUNK’S BRANCHES/THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS and what do they SUPPLY? (3)?
- LEFT GASTRIC
- SPLENIC – branches to PANCREATIC, LEFT GASTRO-OMENTAL, and SHORT GASTRIC
- COMMON HEPATIC – branches to HEPATIC ARTERY PROPER, RIGHT GASTRIC, and GASTRODUODENAL
supplies OXYGENATED BLOOD to the LIVER, STOMACH, ABDOMINAL ESOPHAGUS, the SPLEEN, and the SUPERIOR HALF OF BOTH THE DUODENUM and PANCREAS
what are the SUPERIOR MESENTERIC BRANCHES (5)?
- INFERIOR PANCREATICO-DUODENAL
- JEJUNAL
- ILEOCOLIC
- RIGHT COLIC
- MIDDLE COLIC
describe the SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY and its BLOOD SUPPLY
- seen on the ANTERIOR SURFACE of the ABDOMINAL AORTA
- is INFERIOR to the ORIGIN of the CELIAC TRUNK
- helps with supplying the INTESTINE from the LOWER PART of the DUODENUM – all the way to 2/3 of TRANSVERSE COLON
what are the INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY BRANCHES (3)? DESCRIBE the IMA
- LEFT COLIC
- SIGMOID
- SUPERIOR RECTAL
- arises from the LEVEL OF L3–supplies the LARGE INTESTINE (from the LEFT COLIC/SPLENIC FLEXTURE)
- supplies the DESCENDING COLON + SIGMOID COLON + PART OF THE RECTUM
what are the PARIETAL BRANCHES OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA (3) and what do they SUPPLY?
- INFERIOR PHRENIC (supplies the INFERIOR DIAPHRAGM)
- LUMBAR (supplies the POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL)
- MEDIAN SACRAL (supplies the SACRUM and COCCYX)
describe the COMMON ILIAC ARTERY and its extensions into the LOWER LIMB
- we have TWO LARGE ILIAC ARTERIES; originates from the AORTIC BIFURCATION at the level of the FOURTH LUMBAR VERTEBRA
- ends at the front of SACROILIAC JOINT
our COMMON ILIAC extends into;
- INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY (supplies the PELVIS)
- EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY (this branches into our FEMORAL ARTERY)
- FEMORAL ARTERY»_space;> POPLITEAL ARTERY
describe and define VENOUS CIRCULATION
- significant part of our CIRCULATORY SYSTEM and it involves our VEINS
again, as a reminder; VEINS CARRY BLOOD TO YOUR HEART
- have THINNER WALLS than ARTERIES
what are the TRIBUTARIES OF THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC) **going inferior to superior regions (6)
- ILIAC
- LUMBAR
- GONADAL
- RENAL
- SUPRARENAL
- HEPATIC
(I Love Go Rise So High) –again, these ALL DRAIN INTO THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA!!!
what are the TRIBUTARIES OF THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA (SVC) **going more to lateral regions to medial (5)?
- AXILLARY
- SUBCLAVIAN
(our EXTERNAL JUGULARS drain in here) - BRACHIOCEPHALIC
(have INTRACRANIAL DURAL VEOUS SINUSES»_space; INTERNAL JUGULAR»_space; here) - AZGOS VEIN
- CORONARY SINUS
(A Substitute Brought Arizona Coke) :)
what are the TWO MAJOR VEINS ?
- the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
(drains areas ABOVE THE HEART) - the INFERIOR VENA CAVA
(drains areas BELOW THE HEART)
What are the THREE MAJOR VEINS that drain into the CORONARY SINUS?
- SMALL CARDIAC VEIN
- MIDDLE CARDIAC VEIN
- GREAT CARDIAC VEIN
all drain into the CORONARY SINUS—and empties into the RIGHT ATRIUM
Describe the VENOUS DRAINAGE PATHWAY OF the HEAD, NECK, and the BRAIN
POSTERIOR SIDE:
- drained by the OCCIPITAL VEIN > drains into EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
ANTERIOR SIDE:
- drained by the FACIAL VEIN > drains into INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
both INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL JUGULARS (first branches into SUBCLAVIAN VEIN before entering BRACHIOCEPHALIC) > BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN
describe the CAVERNOUS SINUS
- within the HUMAN HEAD
- a true DURAL VENOUS SINUS (is not a VENOUS PLEXUS)
- collection of DRAINAGE IN THE BRAIN
Describe the VEINS OF THE THORAX and UPPER LIMBS
starts from DIGITAL VEINS > DEEP VENOUS PALMAR ARCH > branches into RADIAL & ULNAR VEINS > branches into CEPHALIC VEINS (R) & BASILIC VEINS (U) > drains into AXILLARY VEIN > SUBCLAVIAN VEIN > BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS
**also important to note we have TWO MEDIAN VEINS – MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN & MEDIAN ANTEBRACHIAL VEIN
Describe the AZYGOS VEIN
- vein that RUNS UP SIDE OF THORACIC VERTEBRAL COLUMN (drains into the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
- connects systems of both the INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR VENA CAVAS
- a specific ALTERNATIVE PATH OF DEOXYGENATED BLOOD in case of failure/blockage of BOTH CAVAS
- drains the THORACIC CAVITY
describe SYSTEMIC VENAL CIRCULATION OF THE LOWER LIMBS
LOWER LIMBS:
- drainage of lower limbs of DEOXYGENATED BLOOD and RETURNS IT BACK TO HEART
- divided into TWO GROUPS
DEEP VEINS:
- located underneath the DEEP FASCIA OF THE LOWER LIMBS
SUPERFICIAL VEINS:
- found in the SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
- eventually drains into DEEP VEINS
Describe the SAPHENOUS VEINS
have TWO;
- GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN
- SMALL SAPHENOUS VEIN
these are UNIQUE to the LOWER EXTREMITIES (only seen on the VENOUS SIDE)
- the LONGEST VESSELS IN THE BODY
describe the HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM
- system that CARRIES VENOUS BLOOD (quite RICH IN NUTRIENTS from FOOD) into the LIVER for PROCESSING
- done through the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN; the POINT OF CONVERGENCE for VENOUS DRAINAGE of the SPLEEN, PANCREAS, GB, and ABDOMINAL PART of the GI
- formed from the SPLENIC VEIN and SUPERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN
what veins drain into the SUPERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN? (6)
- PANCREATICODUODENAL
- RIGHT COLIC
- ILEOCOLIC
- MIDDLE COLIC
- JEJUNAL / ILEAL
- RIGHT GASTRO-OMENTAL
what veins drain into the SPLENIC VEIN? (4)
- SHORT GASTRIC
- PANCREATIC
- LEFT GASTRO-OMENTAL
- INFERIOR MESENTERIC
what veins drain into the INFERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN? (3)
- LEFT COLIC
- SIGMOIDAL
- SUPERIOR RECTAL
definition of the FIRST PASS EFFECT
the absorption of aspects within the GI TRACT and are METABOLIZED BY THE LIVER before reaching the GENERAL CIRCULATION
- liver must PROCESS MEDICATION FIRST for example
descrbe FETAL CIRCULATION and development of its STRUCTURES (5)
- PATHWAY from PULMONARY TRUNK to AORTA:
- DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS turns into LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM
- PATHWAY from RA to LA:
- FORAMEN OVALE turns into FOSSA OVALIS
- BLOOD VESSEL IN LIVER:
- DUCTUS VENOSUS turns into LIGAMENTUM VENOSUM
- UMBILICAL VEIN turns into LIGAMENTUM TERES
- UMBILICAL ARTERIES (2) turns into MEDIAL UMBILICAL LIGAMENTS
function of UMBILICAL VEINS and ARTERIES
function to help CIRCULATE BLOOD TO AND FROM the PLACENTA
- PLACENTA and the UMBILICAL CORD obtain oxygen during fetal development–as lungs are not completely developed yet
describe the DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD VESSELS
- arises from MESODERMAL CELLS–collection of masses known as BLOOD ISLANDS
what determines if a VESSEL becomes an ARTERY OR VEIN?
the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR
Describe CARDIAC MUSCLE
DESCRIPTION:
- is BRANCHING + STRIATED + often UNINUCLEATE CELLS that have INTERCALATED DISCS
FUNCTION:
- functions with CONTRACTIONS and propels blood into CIRCULATION – INVOLUNTARY CONTROL
LOCATION:
- the WALLS OF THE HEART
