The Cardiovascular System 1 Flashcards
describe the PULMONARY and SYSTEMIC CIRCUITS.
describe the RECEIVING CHAMBERS of the HEART
- THE PULMONARY & SYSTEMIC CIRCUITS:
- the heart is defined a TRANSPORT SYSTEM;
- has TWO SIDE-BY-SIDE PUMPS
- the heart is defined a TRANSPORT SYSTEM;
- RIGHT SIDE:
- receives OXYGEN-POOR blood from TISSUES
- pumps to the LUNGS to get rid of CARBON DIOXIDE, picks up OXYGEN—this is the PULMONARY CIRCUIT
- going back to the HEART
- receives OXYGEN-POOR blood from TISSUES
- LEFT SIDE:
- receives OXYGENATED blood from the LUNGS
- pumps to the BODY TISSUES—SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
- receives OXYGENATED blood from the LUNGS
RECEIVING CHAMBERS:
- RIGHT ATRIUM:
- receives BLOOD RETURNING from the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
- LEFT ATRIUM:
- receives BLOOD RETURNING from the PULMONARY CIRCUIT
where is the HEART located?
LOCATION:
- seen within the MEDIASTINUM
- between the second rib and fifth intercostal space
- on the superior surface of the DIAPHRAGM
- 2/3 of the heart is to the LEFT of the MIDSTERNAL LINE
SPECIFIC LOCATIONS:
- BASE—
- posterior surface (leans toward the RIGHT SHOULDER)
- APEX—
- points toward the LEFT HIP
- APICAL IMPULSE—
- between the FIFTH and SIXTH RIBS; below the LEFT NIPPLE
what is the PERICARDIUM?
- PERICARDIUM:
- membrane where the heart is ENCLOSED and held in place
- FIBROUS PERICARDIUM (OUTER membrane)
- SEROUS PERICARDIUM (INNER membrane)
what are the LAYERS of the heart?
- PARIETAL LAYER
- lines the INTERNAL SURFACE of the FIBROUS PERICARDIUM
- VISCERAL LAYER (EPICARDIUM)
- has two separate layers which are separated by fluid-filled PERICARDIAL CAVITY
- decreases friction—has PERICARDIAL FLUID
- has two separate layers which are separated by fluid-filled PERICARDIAL CAVITY
what is PERICARDITIS?
- PERICARDITIS:
- the INFLAMMATION of PERICARDIUM
- leading to CHEST PAIN; ROUGH MEMBRANE SURFACES
- a “creaking sound”–due to a PERICARDIAL FRICTION RUB
- the INFLAMMATION of PERICARDIUM
what is PERICARDIAL EFFUSION?
abnormal accumulation of fluid within PERICARDIAL CAVITY
–INCREASES INTRAPERICARDIAL PRESSURE
what is CARDIAC TAMPONADE?
the EXTREME EXCESS FLUID sometimes compressing the heart–LIMITS PUMPING ABILITY
*use of PERCARDIOCENTESIS–needle to remove fluid
what are the 3 LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL?
- EPICARDIUM
- visceral layer
- MYOCARDIUM
- makes up about 95% of heart wall
- has contractile heart muscle cells
- INSULATION OF HEART—lessens action potentials from moving away
- ENDOCARDIUM
- lines HEART CHAMBERS
what are the MAJOR STRUCTURES of the HEART?
- RECEIVING CHAMBERS:
- atria (2x)
- EJECTING CHAMBERS:
- ventricles (2x)
- GREAT VESSELS (ARTERIES/VEINS)
- right vs. left
- oxygen RICH vs. oxygen POOR
- SEPARATING VALVE STRUCTURES:
- atrioventricular valves
- semi-lunar valves
- INTERATRIAL & INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM
- separates the ATRIA and VENTRICLES from each other
- SURFACE FEATURES:
- anterior sulci
- posterior sulci
- coronary sulci
describe the ATRIUMS of the HEART
known as the RECEIVING CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
- INTERATRIAL SEPTUM:
- separating the RIGHT AND LEFT ATRIUMS
- AURICLES:
- appendages that INCREASE ATRIAL VOLUME
- RIGHT ATRIUM:
- has specific PECTINATE MUSCLES (posterior portion)—separated by the CRISTA TERMINALS (from the anterior portion)
- receives O2-POOR BLOOD
- LEFT ATRIUM:
- has PECTINATE MUSCLES only within the AURICLES
- receives O2-RICH BLOOD
describe the INTERNAL FEATURES of the HEART (ATRIA)
- INTERATRIAL SEPTUM:
- separates the atria
- FOSSA OVALIS:
- the remnant of FORAMEN OVALE seen within the FETAL HEART
- fossa - small depression
- foramen - an opening
- VEINS:
- THREE veins that empty into the RIGHT ATRIUM;
- SUPERIOR VENA CAVA (SVC)
- INFERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC)
- CORONARY SINUS
- THREE veins that empty into the RIGHT ATRIUM;
- PULMONARY VEINS:
- we have FOUR—they empty into the LEFT ATRIUM
- **VEINS— carry blood TOWARDS the HEART
- RIGHT TRICUSPID VALVE:
- separates the RIGHT ATRIUM from the RIGHT VENTRICLE
- LEFT BICUSPID (MITRAL) VALVE:
- separates the LEFT ATRIUM from the LEFT VENTRICLE
describe the VENTRICLES of the HEART
known as the DISCHARGING CHAMBERS of the HEART
- VENTRICLES:
- make up the MOST VOLUME of the heart
- much more THICK-WALLWD
- RIGHT VENTRICLE:
- seen most of within ANTERIOR SURFACE
- pumps blood into the PULMONARY TRUNK
- LEFT VENTRICLE:
- seen on the POSTEROINFERIOR SURFACE
- pumps blood into the AORTA
- the largest artery in the body
describe the INTERNAL FEATURES of the HEART (VENTRICLES)
- TRABECULAE CARNEAE:
- the IRREGULAR RIDGES OF MUSCLE on ventricular walls
- PAPILLARY MUSCLES:
- these muscles ANCHOR CHORDAE TENDINEAE
- our heartstrings!
- helps assist in keeping the AV VALVES CLOSED
- these muscles ANCHOR CHORDAE TENDINEAE
- INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM:
- separates the RIGHT AND LEFT VENTRICLES
describe the HEART VALVES
HEART VALVES:
- ensures UNIDIRECTIONAL BLOOD FLOW through the heart
- OPENS AND CLOSES in response to PRESSURE CHANGES
TWO ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES:
- prevention of BACKFLOW into the ATRIAS—when the VENTRICLES CONTRACT
- TRICUSPID VALVE (RIGHT)
- MITRAL (BICUSPID) VALVE (LEFT)
TWO SEMILUNAR VALVES:
- prevention of BACKFLOW into the VENTRICLES—when the VENTRICLES RELAX
- AORTIC VALVE (LEFT)
- PULMONARY VALVE (RIGHT)
what is VALVULAR STENOSIS?
- narrowing of the HEART VALVE—restricts blood flow
- stiff flaps
- regurgitant valves—cannot close, pumping the same blood
define MYOCARDITIS and ENDOCARDITIS
MYOCARDITIS
- the INFLAMMATION of the MYOCARDIUM
ENDOCARDITIS
(often a VIRAL INFECTION–rheumatic fever)
- the INFLAMMATION of the ENDOCARDIUM and HEART VALVES
(often a BACTERIAL INFECTION
what is RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE?
- a consequence of RHEUMATIC FEVER
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE:
- known for the INFLAMMATION and SCARRING of the HEART VALVES
- the leading cause of PEDIATRIC HEART DISEASE (often seen in the MITRAL VALVE)
what is CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE?
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE:
- the MOST COMMON DEATH within the USA
- the CLOSING OF THE CORONARY ARTERY–the MYOCARDIUM NOT RECEIVING ENOUGH OXYGEN
RESULTS:
- greater HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION which leads to HIGHER CALCIUM CONCENTRATION
- creates MITOCHONDRIAL DAMAGE + FATAL ARRHYTHMIAS
TREATMENT:
- coronary stent
- lifestyle modifications
what is ANGINA PECTORIS?
THORACIC PAIN is caused by FLEETING DEFICIENCY within BLOOD DELIVERY to the MYOCARDIUM
- cells are WEAKENED
describe PATHWAY of BLOOD within the RIGHT SIDE
we have DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
- enters through either the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA, INFERIOR VENA CAVA, and the CORONARY SINUS
- flows into the RIGHT ATRIUM
- flows into the RIGHT VENTRICLE via the TRICUSPID VALVE
- flows into the PULMONARY TRUNK/ARTERIES via the PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE
- DEOXYGENATED BLOOD enters into the PULMONARY ARTERIES/CIRCUIT and becomes OXYGENATED
- OXYGENATED BLOOD returns to the heart via the PULMONARY VEINS
describe PATHWAY of BLOOD within the LEFT SIDE
we have now OXYGENATED BLOOD as it now has passed through the PULMONARY CIRCUIT
- flows into the LEFT ATRIUM via the PULMONARY VEINS
- flows into the LEFT VENTRICLE via the MITRAL VALVE
- flows into the AORTA via the AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE
- OXYGEN RICH BLOOD enters now the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT and delivered to the BODY’S TISSUES
how does CORONARY CIRCULATION work?
this is the FUNCTIONAL BLOOD SUPPLY to the ACTUAL HEART MUSCLE ITSELF
- begins when the HEART is RELAXED
- the LEFT VENTRICLE RECEIVES the MOST BLOOD SUPPLY
- has many ANASTOMOSES (JUNCTIONS) that give ADDITIONAL ROUTES for BLOOD DELIVERY
describe the ARTERIAL SUPPLY BRANCHES
RIGHT CORONARY BRANCHES:
- RIGHT MARGINAL ARTERY
(lateral side)
- POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY (PDA)
(RA and RV)
LEFT CORONARY BRANCHES:
- ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY (LAD)
- CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY
(supplies the interventricular septum, LA, posterior wall of LV)
describe the VENOUS DRAINAGE BRANCHES
CORONARY SINUS:
- empties into the RA
GREAT CARDIAC VEIN
- ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR SULCUS
MIDDLE CARDIAC VEIN
- POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR SULCUS
SMALL CARDIAC VEIN
- INFERIOR MARGIN
define a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
defined as a PROLONGED CORONARY BLOCKAGE
cardiac tissue and areas of cell death are quite DIFFICULT to REPAIR–we now have NONCONTRACTILE SCAR TISSUE
TREATMENT:
- MONA
describe the basic ANATOMY of CARDIAC MUSCLE
CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS:
- striated
- branched
- interconnected with INTERCALATED DISCS
INTERCALATED DISCS:
- specific JUNCTIONS between the cells and help ANCHOR the CARDIAC CELLS
DESMOSOMES:
- prevents cells from SEPARATING during CONTRACTION
GAP JUNCTIONS:
- allows IONS to pass from CELL to CELL
- allows the heart to be a FUNCTIONAL SYNCYTIUM (single coordinated unit)
significance of TROPONIN within the heart
indicator in terms of the CARDIAC MUSCLE
- if by chance it begins to LEAK INTO THE BLOOD–important indicator in diagnosing a HEART ATTACK
- shows that the MEMBRANE IS DAMAGED
