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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Urinary System Part 1 > Flashcards

The Urinary System Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

describe THE URETERS

A
  • URETERS:
    • transports URINE from the KIDNEYS to the URINARY BLADDER
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2
Q

describe the URINARY BLADDER

A
  • URINARY BLADDER:
    • the TEMPORARY STORAGE RESERVOIR for URINE
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3
Q

describe the URETHRA

A
  • URETHRA:
    • transports URINE OUT OF THE BODY
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4
Q

describe the KIDNEY

A
  • a MAJOR EXCRETORY ORGAN
  • helps to maintain the body’s internal environment
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5
Q

what are the KIDNEY’s FUNCTIONS?

A
  • helps to REGULATE TOTAL WATER VOLUME and TOTAL SOLUTE CONCENTRATION in water—the OSMOLARITY
  • regulation of ION CONCENTRATIONS in ECF/the BLOOD IONIC CONCENTRATION
  • ensures LONG-TERM ACID-BASE BALANCE
  • produces ERTHYROPOIETIN and RENIN
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6
Q

what are some KIDNEY CHARACTERISTICS?

A
  • they are RETROPERITONEAL—partly protected by the lower ribs
  • BEAN-SHAPED; our RIGHT KIDNEY bit lower than LEFT
  • RENAL HILUM:
    • where RENAL VEIN + ARTERY pass through
  • between T12 - L3
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7
Q

describe the HILUM of the KIDNEY

A
  • HILUM:
    • the indented area of the kidney; the CONCAVE AREA
    • entrance for;
      • RENAL ARTERY
      • RENAL VEIN
      • URETER
      • NERVES
      • LYMPHATICS
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8
Q

definition of RENAL PTOSIS

A
  • condition in which ONE OR BOTH KIDNEYS drop to a LOWER POSITION
  • can be caused by LOSS of SURROUNDING FATTY TISSUE CAPSULE that holds KIDNEYS in NORMAL POSITION
    • seen with EMACIATION or RAPID WEIGHT LOSS
    • can cause URETERES TO BE KINKED—causes URINE TO BE BACKED UP/ greater pressure on the KIDNEY TISSUE
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9
Q

describe the RENAL CORTEX

A
  • RENAL CORTEX:
    • the OUTER LAYER
    • more GRANULAR IN NATURE—SUPERFICIAL
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10
Q

describe the RENAL MEDULLA

A
  • RENAL MEDULLA:
    • the INNER REGION
    • DEEP TO CORTEX
    • has the RENAL PYRAMIDS
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11
Q

describe the RENAL PYRAMIDS

A
  • RENAL PYRAMIDS:
    • the SECRETING APPARATUS + TUBULES
    • creation of LOBES
      • tips of the PYRAMIDS—known as the RENAL PAPILLA
      • once passing PAPILLA—turns into URINE
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12
Q

describe the RENAL COLUMNS

A
  • RENAL COLUMNS:
    • begins to ANCHOR the CORTEX
    • has CORTICAL TISSUE—invades the RENAL MEDULLA
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13
Q

describe the RENAL PELVIS

A
  • RENAL PELVIS:
    • is a FUNNEL-SHAPED TUBE that is CONTINUOUS WITH THE URETER
    • COLLECTS ALL URINE
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14
Q

describe the MAJOR AND MINOR CALYCES

A
  • MAJOR CALYCES:
    • areas that begin to COLLECT URINE from MINOR CALYCES
    • drains into RENAL PELVIS&raquo_space; BLADDER
  • MINOR CALYCES:
    • collects URINE DRAINING from the PYRAMIDAL PAPILLAE
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15
Q

describe the INTERNAL RENAL ANATOMY

A
  • PAPILLARY DUCTS:
    • empties urine into CALYCES
  • CALYCES:
    • passes URINE to the URETER
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16
Q

what is the PATHWAY OF URINE DRAINAGE?

A
  1. COLLECTING DUCT
  2. PAPILLARY DUCT
  3. MINOR CALYX
  4. MAJOR CALYX
  5. RENAL PELVIS
  6. URETER
  7. URINARY BLADDER
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17
Q

definition of PYELITIS

A

the INFLAMMATION OF RENAL PELVIS and CALYCES

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18
Q

definition of PYELONEPHRITIS

A

the INFECTION OR INFLAMMATION of the ENTIRE KIDNEY

  • causes ABDOMINAL PAIN AND DYSURNIA
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19
Q

describe the BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE KIDNEYS

A
  • receive 20-25% of RESTING CARDIAC OUTPUT
  • despite being LESS THAN 0.5% of TOTAL BODY MASS
  • receive LOTS OF BLOOD
  • all starts from RENAL ARTERIES
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20
Q

describe the NERVE SUPPLY OF THE KIDNEY

A
  • RENAL NERVES:
    • primarily carries SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW (from the RENAL PLEXUS)
    • begins to REGULATE BLOOD FLOW through the KIDNEYS
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21
Q

describe the BLOOD VESSEL PATHWAY OF THE KIDNEY (ARTERY)

A
  1. AORTA
  2. RENAL ARTERY
  3. SEGMENTAL ARTERY
  4. INTERLOBAR ARTERY
  5. ARCUATE ARTERY
  6. CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERY
  7. AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
  8. GLOMERULUS (CAPILLARIES)
  9. EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
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22
Q

describe the BLOOD VESSEL PATHWAY OF THE KIDNEY (VEINS)

A
  1. PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES OR VASA RECTA
  2. CORTICAL RADIATE VEIN
  3. ARCUATE VEIN
  4. INTERLOBAR VEIN
  5. RENAL VEIN
  6. INFERIOR VENA CAVA
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23
Q

describe the NEPHRON

A
  • the STRUCTURAL and FUNCTIONAL UNIT THAT FORMS URINE
  • regulates CONC. of WATER + INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES
    • filters BLOOD + REABSORBING WHAT IS NEEDED _ EXCRETED ANYTHING UNEEDED
  • have over < 1 million per kidney!
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24
Q

what are the TWO MAIN PARTS OF THE NEPHRON?

A
  • RENAL CORPUSCLE
    • within the RENAL CORTEX
    • has GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
    • GLOMERULUS
  • RENAL TUBULE
    • within CORTEX AND MEDULLA
25
Q

describe the GLOMERULUS

A
  • the TUFT OF THE CAPILLARIES; develops from FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIUM > HIGHLY POROUS > ALLOWS for FILTRATE FORMATION
  • FILTRATE:
    • a PLASMA-DERIVED FLUID that RENAL TUBULES begin to PROCESS to ULTIMATELY FORM URINE
26
Q

describe the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (BOWMAN’S CAPSULE)

A
  • GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (BOWMAN’S CAPSULE):
    • is CUP-SHAPED
    • has a HOLLOW STRUCTURE that surrounds the GLOMERULUS
27
Q

what are the TWO LAYERS of the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE?

A
  • HAS TWO LAYERS;
    • PARIETAL LAYER — simple squamous epithelium
    • VISCERAL LAYER — have PODOCYTES (extensions — little foot processes, allows slits for filtrate to MOVE INTO CAPSULAR SPACE)
28
Q

definition of the RENAL TUBULES

A

filtrate passes from the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE to the RENAL TUBULE

29
Q

describe the PROXIMAL CONVOULATED TUBULE and its HISTOLOGY

A
  • the CLOSEST TO THE GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
  • SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CELLS + have DENSE MICROVILLI + have a lot of MITOCHONDRIA
  • very active in REABSORPTION + SECRETION
  • only found in RENAL CORTEX
30
Q

describe the NEPHRON LOOPS

A
  • NEPHRON LOOP (LOOP OF HENLE)
    • DESCENDING LOOP
    • ASCENDING LOOP
    (made from SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM)
31
Q

describe the DISTAL CONVOULATED TUBULE and its HISTOLOGY

A
  • the FURTHEST AWAY from the BEGINNING of the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
  • has SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CELLS + don’t HAVE TOO MUCH MICROVILLI
  • more functions in SECRETION > ABSORPTION
  • found in the RENAL CORTEX
32
Q

describe the COLLECTING DUCT at END

A
  • alternating ratios
  • has PRINCIPAL CELLS
    • not too much microvilli
    • maintain SODIUM-WATER BALANCE
  • INTERCALATED CELLS
    • have A + B CELLS
    • maintain ACID-BASE BALANCE IN BLOOD
33
Q

describe the CORTICAL NEPHRONS

A
  • enables around 80-85% of nephrons
  • RENAL CORPUSCLE — outer portion of cortex
  • have SHORT LOOPS of HENLE—extends only into OUTER REGION OF THE MEDULLA
  • creation of URINE with OSMOLARITY similar to blood
34
Q

describe the NEPHRON CAPILLARY BEDS

A
  • specialized for FILTRATION
  • fed and drained by an ARTERIOLE
    • enters through AFFERENT ARTERIOLE and leaves the EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
    • pressure is HIGH — larger AFFERENT ARTERIOLES
    • type of HIGH RESISTANCE VESSELS; allows for CELL TRANSPORT—FILTRATION
35
Q

describe the ARTERIOLES

A
  • AFFERENT ARTERIOLE—comes from CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERIES
  • EFFERENT ARTERIOLE — feeds into PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES or VASA RECTA
36
Q

what are the TWO CAPILLARY BEDS associated with the RENAL TUBULES?

A
  1. GLOMERULUS
    1. specialized for FILTRATION
    2. both supplied and drained by ARTERIOLES
  2. PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
    1. are LOW-PRESSURE
    2. important for ABSORPTION OF WATER and SOLUTES
    3. arises from the AFFERENT ARTERIOLES
    4. EMPTIES INTO VENULES
37
Q

the JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS are ASSOCIATED with;

A
  1. VASA RECTA
    1. parallel to LONG NEPHRON LOOPS
    2. only seen in JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS
      • invades the MEDULLA
      • creation of CONCENTRATION OF URINE + DILUTION
38
Q

what is the FUNCTION of the JUXTAGLOMERULAR COMPLEX (JGC)?

A

regulates FILTRATE FORMATION and BLOOD PRESSURE

39
Q

what are the THREE CELL POPULATIONS within the JGC?

A
  1. MACULA DENSA–NaCL CONCENTRATIONS
  2. GRANULAR CELLS–contains RENIN
  3. EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS–passes SIGNALS
40
Q

describe the MAUCAL DENSA

A
  1. tall + packed cell
  2. seen in ASCENDING LIMB—have CHEMORECEPTORS — NaCl
41
Q

describe the GRANULAR CELLS

A
  1. type of ENLARGED SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
  2. secretion of GRANULES—RENIN; affects MECHANORECEPTORS
    1. sensing of BP CHANGES
42
Q

describe the EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS

A
  1. between ARTERIOLES AND TUBULAR CELLS
  2. triangle shaped
  3. PASSES SIGNALS FROM MACULA DENSA to the GRANULAR CELLS
43
Q

describe GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

A
  • produces CELL and PROTEIN-FREE FILITRATE
    • blood plasma - proteins
  • in the RENAL CORPUSCLE
  • driven by BP (filtration)
  • type of PASSIVE PROCESS
  • opposed by CAPSULAR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE and BLOOD COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE
    • forcing of fluids and solutes through FILTRATION SLITS > into GLOMERULAR SPACE
44
Q

describe TUBULAR REABSORPTION

A
  • selectively returns around 99% of SUBSTANCES from FILTRATE to BLOOD in RENAL TUBULES & COLLECTING DUCTS
  • moves BACK INTO CIRCULATION (GLUCOSE + AMINO ACIDS)
45
Q

describe TUBULAR SECRETION

A

selectively moves SUBSTANCES from BLOOD to FILTRATE IN RENAL TUBULES and COLLECTING DUCTS

46
Q

describe the FILTRATION MEMBRANE

A
  • the POROUS MEMBRANE that is between BLOOD and the INTERIOR OF GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
    • water, solutes, and plasma proteins pass through!
47
Q

what are the THREE LAYERS of the FILTRATION MEMBRANE

A
  1. FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIUM
  2. BASEMENT MEMBRANE
  3. FOOT PROCESSES OF PODOCYTES
48
Q

what is NET FILTRATION PRESSURE (NFP)?

A
  • = OUTWARD PRESSURES - INWARD PRESSURE
  • = (HPpc) - (HPcs + OPgc)
  • = (55) - (15 + 30)
  • = 10 mm Hg
49
Q

what are the PRESSURES considered in NFP?

A
  • HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE in GLOMERULAR CAPILARRIES (HPgc) - PRETTY HIGH (55 mm Hg)
  • HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE in CAPSULAR SPACE (HPcs) - 15 mm Hg
  • COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE in CAPILLARIES (OPgc) - 30 mm Hg (THE PULL OF PROTEINS IN BLOOD) (ALBUMIN)
50
Q

what are the AVERAGES of GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)?

A
  • GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR):
    • averages around 125 mL/min in MALES
    • averages around 105 mL/min in FEMALES
51
Q

describe GFR

A
  • GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR):
    • described the FLOW RATE OF FILTERED FLUID through the kidney (per minute)
    • TOO HIGH; substances PASS TOO QUICKLY—not reabsorbed
    • TOO LOW; almost everything is REABSORBED
52
Q

describe CREATININE CLEARANCE RATE

A

the volume of blood plasma that is CLEARED OF CREATININE PER UNIT TIME and is a USEFUL MEASURE for approximating the GFR

53
Q

describe why GLOMERULAR FILTRATION MUST BE REGULATED

A

constant GFR — important as it allows KIDNEYS to make FILTRATE and MAINTAIN EXTRACELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS

    • GFR affects SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE:
      • increased GFR — causes INCREASED URINE OUTPUT; which LOWERS BP, and vice versa
54
Q

what are the GOALS OF LOCAL INTRINSIC CONTROLS and EXTRINSIC CONTROLS?

A
  • GOAL OF LOCAL INTRINSIC CONTROLS (RENAL AUTOREGULATION):
    • maintains GFR in KIDNEY
  • GOAL OF EXTRINSIC CONTROLS:
    • maintains SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE
    • nervous system and endocrine mechanisms;
      • the MAIN EXTRINSIC CONTROLS
55
Q

what are the TWO TYPES OF RENAL AUTOREGULATION (INTRINSIC CONTROLS)?

A
  1. MYOGENIC MECHANISM
  2. TUBULOGLOMERULAR FEEDBACK MECHANISM
56
Q

describe MYOGENIC MECHANISM

A
  • MYOGENIC MECHANISM:
    • smooth muscle cells in AFFERENT ARTERIOLES contract in response to ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE
    • restriction of BLOOD into GLOMERULUS = PROTECTIVE MECHANISM from HIGH BP
57
Q

describe TUBULOGLOMERULAR FEEDBACK

A
  • HIGH GFR — diminishes REABSORPTION, GFR INCREASES
  • allows for MORE SODIUM REABSORPTION
  • type of FLOW-DEPENDENT MECHANISM
  • MACULA DENSA:
    • inhibits the release of nitric oxide
  • AFFERENT ARTERIOLES CONSTRICT
58
Q

definition of ANURIA

A
  • an ABNORMAL LOW URINARY OUTPUT
  • can INDICATE GLOMERULAR BLOOD PRESSURE is TOO LOW to CAUSE FILTRATION

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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