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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Urinary System Part 1 > Flashcards

The Urinary System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

describe THE URETERS

A
  • URETERS:
    • transports URINE from the KIDNEYS to the URINARY BLADDER
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2
Q

describe the URINARY BLADDER

A
  • URINARY BLADDER:
    • the TEMPORARY STORAGE RESERVOIR for URINE
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3
Q

describe the URETHRA

A
  • URETHRA:
    • transports URINE OUT OF THE BODY
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4
Q

describe the KIDNEY

A
  • a MAJOR EXCRETORY ORGAN
  • helps to maintain the body’s internal environment
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5
Q

what are the KIDNEY’s FUNCTIONS?

A
  • helps to REGULATE TOTAL WATER VOLUME and TOTAL SOLUTE CONCENTRATION in water—the OSMOLARITY
  • regulation of ION CONCENTRATIONS in ECF/the BLOOD IONIC CONCENTRATION
  • ensures LONG-TERM ACID-BASE BALANCE
  • produces ERTHYROPOIETIN and RENIN
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6
Q

what are some KIDNEY CHARACTERISTICS?

A
  • they are RETROPERITONEAL—partly protected by the lower ribs
  • BEAN-SHAPED; our RIGHT KIDNEY bit lower than LEFT
  • RENAL HILUM:
    • where RENAL VEIN + ARTERY pass through
  • between T12 - L3
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7
Q

describe the HILUM of the KIDNEY

A
  • HILUM:
    • the indented area of the kidney; the CONCAVE AREA
    • entrance for;
      • RENAL ARTERY
      • RENAL VEIN
      • URETER
      • NERVES
      • LYMPHATICS
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8
Q

definition of RENAL PTOSIS

A
  • condition in which ONE OR BOTH KIDNEYS drop to a LOWER POSITION
  • can be caused by LOSS of SURROUNDING FATTY TISSUE CAPSULE that holds KIDNEYS in NORMAL POSITION
    • seen with EMACIATION or RAPID WEIGHT LOSS
    • can cause URETERES TO BE KINKED—causes URINE TO BE BACKED UP/ greater pressure on the KIDNEY TISSUE
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9
Q

describe the RENAL CORTEX

A
  • RENAL CORTEX:
    • the OUTER LAYER
    • more GRANULAR IN NATURE—SUPERFICIAL
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10
Q

describe the RENAL MEDULLA

A
  • RENAL MEDULLA:
    • the INNER REGION
    • DEEP TO CORTEX
    • has the RENAL PYRAMIDS
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11
Q

describe the RENAL PYRAMIDS

A
  • RENAL PYRAMIDS:
    • the SECRETING APPARATUS + TUBULES
    • creation of LOBES
      • tips of the PYRAMIDS—known as the RENAL PAPILLA
      • once passing PAPILLA—turns into URINE
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12
Q

describe the RENAL COLUMNS

A
  • RENAL COLUMNS:
    • begins to ANCHOR the CORTEX
    • has CORTICAL TISSUE—invades the RENAL MEDULLA
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13
Q

describe the RENAL PELVIS

A
  • RENAL PELVIS:
    • is a FUNNEL-SHAPED TUBE that is CONTINUOUS WITH THE URETER
    • COLLECTS ALL URINE
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14
Q

describe the MAJOR AND MINOR CALYCES

A
  • MAJOR CALYCES:
    • areas that begin to COLLECT URINE from MINOR CALYCES
    • drains into RENAL PELVIS&raquo_space; BLADDER
  • MINOR CALYCES:
    • collects URINE DRAINING from the PYRAMIDAL PAPILLAE
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15
Q

describe the INTERNAL RENAL ANATOMY

A
  • PAPILLARY DUCTS:
    • empties urine into CALYCES
  • CALYCES:
    • passes URINE to the URETER
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16
Q

what is the PATHWAY OF URINE DRAINAGE?

A
  1. COLLECTING DUCT
  2. PAPILLARY DUCT
  3. MINOR CALYX
  4. MAJOR CALYX
  5. RENAL PELVIS
  6. URETER
  7. URINARY BLADDER
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17
Q

definition of PYELITIS

A

the INFLAMMATION OF RENAL PELVIS and CALYCES

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18
Q

definition of PYELONEPHRITIS

A

the INFECTION OR INFLAMMATION of the ENTIRE KIDNEY

  • causes ABDOMINAL PAIN AND DYSURNIA
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19
Q

describe the BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE KIDNEYS

A
  • receive 20-25% of RESTING CARDIAC OUTPUT
  • despite being LESS THAN 0.5% of TOTAL BODY MASS
  • receive LOTS OF BLOOD
  • all starts from RENAL ARTERIES
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20
Q

describe the NERVE SUPPLY OF THE KIDNEY

A
  • RENAL NERVES:
    • primarily carries SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW (from the RENAL PLEXUS)
    • begins to REGULATE BLOOD FLOW through the KIDNEYS
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21
Q

describe the BLOOD VESSEL PATHWAY OF THE KIDNEY (ARTERY)

A
  1. AORTA
  2. RENAL ARTERY
  3. SEGMENTAL ARTERY
  4. INTERLOBAR ARTERY
  5. ARCUATE ARTERY
  6. CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERY
  7. AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
  8. GLOMERULUS (CAPILLARIES)
  9. EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
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22
Q

describe the BLOOD VESSEL PATHWAY OF THE KIDNEY (VEINS)

A
  1. PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES OR VASA RECTA
  2. CORTICAL RADIATE VEIN
  3. ARCUATE VEIN
  4. INTERLOBAR VEIN
  5. RENAL VEIN
  6. INFERIOR VENA CAVA
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23
Q

describe the NEPHRON

A
  • the STRUCTURAL and FUNCTIONAL UNIT THAT FORMS URINE
  • regulates CONC. of WATER + INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES
    • filters BLOOD + REABSORBING WHAT IS NEEDED _ EXCRETED ANYTHING UNEEDED
  • have over < 1 million per kidney!
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24
Q

what are the TWO MAIN PARTS OF THE NEPHRON?

A
  • RENAL CORPUSCLE
    • within the RENAL CORTEX
    • has GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
    • GLOMERULUS
  • RENAL TUBULE
    • within CORTEX AND MEDULLA
25
describe the GLOMERULUS
- the **TUFT OF THE CAPILLARIES; develops from FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIUM > HIGHLY POROUS > ALLOWS for FILTRATE FORMATION** - FILTRATE: - a PLASMA-DERIVED FLUID that RENAL TUBULES begin to **PROCESS to ULTIMATELY FORM URINE**
26
describe the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (BOWMAN'S CAPSULE)
- GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (BOWMAN’S CAPSULE): - is CUP-SHAPED - has a **HOLLOW STRUCTURE that surrounds the GLOMERULUS**
27
what are the TWO LAYERS of the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE?
- HAS TWO LAYERS; - **PARIETAL LAYER** — simple squamous epithelium - **VISCERAL LAYER** — have PODOCYTES (extensions — li**ttle foot processes, allows slits for filtrate to MOVE INTO CAPSULAR SPACE)**
28
definition of the RENAL TUBULES
filtrate passes from the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE to the RENAL TUBULE
29
describe the PROXIMAL CONVOULATED TUBULE and its HISTOLOGY
- the **CLOSEST** TO THE GLOMERULAR CAPSULE - **SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CELLS + have DENSE MICROVILLI + have a lot of MITOCHONDRIA** - very active in **REABSORPTION + SECRETION** - only found in **RENAL CORTEX**
30
describe the NEPHRON LOOPS
- **NEPHRON LOOP (LOOP OF HENLE)** - **DESCENDING LOOP** - **ASCENDING LOOP** (made from **SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM)**
31
describe the DISTAL CONVOULATED TUBULE and its HISTOLOGY
- the **FURTHEST AWAY** from the BEGINNING of the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE - has **SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CELLS + don’t HAVE TOO MUCH MICROVILLI** - **more functions in SECRETION > ABSORPTION** - found in the **RENAL CORTEX**
32
describe the COLLECTING DUCT at END
- alternating ratios - has PRINCIPAL CELLS - not too much microvilli - maintain **SODIUM-WATER BALANCE** - INTERCALATED CELLS - have A + B CELLS - maintain **ACID-BASE BALANCE IN BLOOD**
33
describe the CORTICAL NEPHRONS
- enables around **80-85% of nephrons** - **RENAL CORPUSCLE — outer portion of cortex** - have SHORT LOOPS of HENLE—extends only into OUTER REGION OF THE MEDULLA - creation of URINE with OSMOLARITY similar to blood
34
describe the NEPHRON CAPILLARY BEDS
- specialized for FILTRATION - fed and drained by an **ARTERIOLE** - **enters through AFFERENT ARTERIOLE and leaves the EFFERENT ARTERIOLE** - pressure is HIGH — larger AFFERENT ARTERIOLES - type of **HIGH RESISTANCE VESSELS; allows for CELL TRANSPORT—FILTRATION**
35
describe the ARTERIOLES
- **AFFERENT ARTERIOLE**—comes from CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERIES - **EFFERENT ARTERIOLE** — feeds into PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES or VASA RECTA
36
what are the TWO CAPILLARY BEDS associated with the RENAL TUBULES?
1. **GLOMERULUS** 1. specialized for **FILTRATION** 2. **both supplied and drained by ARTERIOLES** 2. **PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES** 1. are LOW-PRESSURE 2. important for ABSORPTION OF WATER and SOLUTES 3. arises from the AFFERENT ARTERIOLES 4. EMPTIES INTO VENULES
37
the JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS are ASSOCIATED with;
1. **VASA RECTA** 1. parallel to **LONG NEPHRON LOOPS** 2. only seen in **JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS** - invades the MEDULLA - creation of CONCENTRATION OF URINE + DILUTION
38
what is the FUNCTION of the JUXTAGLOMERULAR COMPLEX (JGC)?
regulates FILTRATE FORMATION and BLOOD PRESSURE
39
what are the THREE CELL POPULATIONS within the JGC?
1. MACULA DENSA--NaCL CONCENTRATIONS 2. GRANULAR CELLS--contains RENIN 3. EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS--passes SIGNALS
40
describe the MAUCAL DENSA
1. tall + packed cell 2. seen in **ASCENDING LIMB—have CHEMORECEPTORS — NaCl**
41
describe the GRANULAR CELLS
1. type of ENLARGED SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS 2. secretion of **GRANULES—RENIN; affects MECHANORECEPTORS** 1. sensing of BP CHANGES
42
describe the EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS
1. between ARTERIOLES AND TUBULAR CELLS 2. triangle shaped 3. **PASSES SIGNALS FROM MACULA DENSA to the GRANULAR CELLS**
43
describe GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
- produces **CELL and PROTEIN-FREE FILITRATE** - blood plasma - proteins - in th**e RENAL CORPUSCLE** - **driven by BP (filtration)** - type of PASSIVE PROCESS - opposed by **CAPSULAR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE and BLOOD COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE** - **forcing of fluids and solutes through FILTRATION SLITS > into GLOMERULAR SPACE**
44
describe TUBULAR REABSORPTION
- selectively returns around **99% of SUBSTANCES from FILTRATE to BLOOD in RENAL TUBULES & COLLECTING DUCTS** - moves **BACK INTO CIRCULATION (GLUCOSE + AMINO ACIDS)**
45
describe TUBULAR SECRETION
selectively moves SUBSTANCES from BLOOD to FILTRATE IN RENAL TUBULES and COLLECTING DUCTS
46
describe the FILTRATION MEMBRANE
- the **POROUS MEMBRANE that is between BLOOD and the INTERIOR OF GLOMERULAR CAPSULE** - water, solutes, and plasma proteins pass through!
47
what are the THREE LAYERS of the FILTRATION MEMBRANE
1. FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIUM 2. BASEMENT MEMBRANE 3. FOOT PROCESSES OF PODOCYTES
48
what is NET FILTRATION PRESSURE (NFP)?
- = **OUTWARD PRESSURES - INWARD PRESSURE** - **= (HPpc) - (HPcs + OPgc)** - **= (55) - (15 + 30)** - **= 10 mm Hg**
49
what are the PRESSURES considered in NFP?
- HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE in GLOMERULAR CAPILARRIES (HPgc) - PRETTY HIGH (55 mm Hg) - HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE in CAPSULAR SPACE (HPcs) - 15 mm Hg - COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE in CAPILLARIES (OPgc) - 30 mm Hg (THE PULL OF PROTEINS IN BLOOD) (ALBUMIN)
50
what are the AVERAGES of GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)?
- GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR): - averages around 125 mL/min in MALES - averages around 105 mL/min in FEMALES
51
describe GFR
- GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR): - described the **FLOW RATE OF FILTERED FLUID through the kidney (per minute)** - TOO HIGH; substances PASS TOO QUICKLY—not reabsorbed - TOO LOW; almost everything is REABSORBED
52
describe CREATININE CLEARANCE RATE
the volume of blood plasma that is CLEARED OF CREATININE PER UNIT TIME and is a USEFUL MEASURE for approximating the GFR
53
describe why GLOMERULAR FILTRATION MUST BE REGULATED
constant GFR — important as it allows KIDNEYS to make FILTRATE and MAINTAIN EXTRACELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS - - GFR affects SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE: - increased GFR — c**auses INCREASED URINE OUTPUT; which LOWERS BP, and vice versa**
54
what are the GOALS OF LOCAL INTRINSIC CONTROLS and EXTRINSIC CONTROLS?
- GOAL OF LOCAL INTRINSIC CONTROLS (RENAL AUTOREGULATION): - maintains **GFR in KIDNEY** - GOAL OF EXTRINSIC CONTROLS: - maintains **SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE** - **nervous system and endocrine mechanisms;** - the MAIN EXTRINSIC CONTROLS
55
what are the TWO TYPES OF RENAL AUTOREGULATION (INTRINSIC CONTROLS)?
1. **MYOGENIC MECHANISM** 2. **TUBULOGLOMERULAR FEEDBACK MECHANISM**
56
describe MYOGENIC MECHANISM
- MYOGENIC MECHANISM: - smooth muscle cells in **AFFERENT ARTERIOLES contract in response to ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE** - restriction of **BLOOD into GLOMERULUS = PROTECTIVE MECHANISM from HIGH BP**
57
describe TUBULOGLOMERULAR FEEDBACK
- **HIGH GFR — diminishes REABSORPTION, GFR INCREASES** - allows for **MORE SODIUM REABSORPTION** - type of **FLOW-DEPENDENT MECHANISM** - MACULA DENSA: - inhibits the release of nitric oxide - **AFFERENT ARTERIOLES CONSTRICT**
58
definition of ANURIA
- an ABNORMAL LOW URINARY OUTPUT - can INDICATE GLOMERULAR BLOOD PRESSURE is TOO LOW to CAUSE FILTRATION

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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