- helps with MAINTAINING OSMOTIC PRESSURE - important for EXCHANGE OF FLUIDS across BLOOD CAPILLARY WALLS

Hematopoietic Blood System 1 Flashcards by Justine Gail Orense

what is BLOOD’s FUNCTION in terms of DISTRIBUTION?

the DELIVERY OF OXYGEN and NUTRIENTS to the body’s cells
the TRANSPORTATION of METABOLIC WASTSES to LUNGS and KIDNEYS
TRANSPORTATION from ENDOCRINE ORGANS to TARGET ORGANS

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what is BLOOD’S FUNCTION in terms of REGULATION?

maintains BODY TEMP
maintains NORMAL pH (7.35 - 7.45)
(also use of BUFFERS)
maintains adequate FLUID VOLUME within CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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what is BLOOD’s FUNCTION in terms of PROTECTION?

PREVENTION of BLOOD LOSS (plasma proteins and platelets)
PREVENTION of INFECTION
(within antibodies, WBCs, and COMPLEMENT PROTEINS)

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describe BLOOD COMPOSITION (2)

BLOOD:
a type of FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

built up of PLASMA and FORMED ELEMENTS

PLASMA:
the NON-LIVING FLUID MATRIX

FORMED ELEMENTS:
- the ACTUAL LIVING BLOOD CELLS that are suspended within PLASMA
ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)
LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)
PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)

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what are some of BLOOD’s CHARACTERISTICS and VOLUME?

COLOR:
high oxygen - SCARLET
low oxygen - DARK RED

VOLUME:
5-6 L for MALES
4-5 L for FEMALES
around 8% of body weight

TEMP:
100.4 F (38 C)

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what are some IMPORTANT HORMONES that help regulate BLOOD VOLUME and OSMOTIC PRESSURE?

ANP
- type of VASODILATOR

ALDOSTERONE
- SODIUM CONSERVATION
(greater salt = greater water = higher BP)

ADH
- promotion of FLUID RETENTION
(higher BP - more water saved)

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what are the MAJOR COMPONENTS OF WHOLE BLOOD? (seen in VENIPUNCTURE)

PLASMA:
- over 55% of WHOLE BLOOD
- the LEAST DENSE COMPONENT

BUFFY COAT:
- contains LEUKOCYTES and PLATELETS
- <1% of WHOLE BLOOD

ERYTHROCYTES:
- 45% of WHOLE BLOOD (the HEMATOCRIT)
- the MOST DENSE COMPONENT

HEMATOCRIT:
percent of blood that is RBCs (45%)

HEMOGLOBIN (HB)
the concentration of IRON within blood (around 12-17 mg/dL)

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describe BLOOD PLASMA

BLOOD PLASMA:
specific LIQUID that is a CARRIER FOR FORMED ELEMENTS and OTHER SUBSTANCES

COMPONENTS:
- 90% WATER
- 9% PROTEIN
- 1% OTHER ELEMENTS
(has many various DISSOLVED SOLUTES–fats, carbs, proteins, gases, mineral salts etc…)

PLASMA PROTEINS:
- the MOST ABUNDANT SOLUTES
- mainly produced within LIVER
ALBUMIN (54%)
GLOBULINS (38%)
FIBRINOGEN (7%)

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what is FRESH FROZEN PLASMA?

blood product made from the LIQUID PORTION OF WHOLE BLOOD

used for the treatment of LOW BLOOD CLOTTING FACTORS
used for treatment for LOW BLOOD PROTEIN LEVELS

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what is BLOOD SERUM?

component that is NOT BLOOD CELLS or CLOTTING FACTORS

BLOOD PLASMA WITH FIBRINOGENS REMOVED

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function of ALBUMINS

helps with MAINTAINING OSMOTIC PRESSURE
important for EXCHANGE OF FLUIDS across BLOOD CAPILLARY WALLS

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function of GLOBULINS

help attack VIRUSES and BACTERIA
help with TRANSPORTATION of IRON, LIPIDS, and FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

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function of FIBRINOGEN

important role in CLOTTING

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briefly describe the FORMED ELEMENTS within our BLOOD

WHITE BLOOD CELLS:
- only complete cells
RED BLOOD CELLS:
- have NO NUCLEI or other ORGANELLES
PLATELETS:
- cell fragments

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definition of HEMATOPOIESIS

origination of blood cells comes from the BONE MARROW—the formation of blood cell components

PATHWAY:
- yolk sac (embryo) —> liver/spleen/thymus (child) —> axial skeleton (adult)

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS regulate RBC and PLATELET PRODUCTION
all begins from the PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL
- personally differentiates itself into any blood cell—creating either the MYELOID & LYMPHOID STEM CELL
- develop into then PROGENERATOR CELLS then into PRECURSOR CELLS

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what are some HORMONE/GROWTH FACTORS?

ERYTHROPOTEITIN (EPO) = increases the # of RBC precursors
- synthesized within the KIDNEY
THROMBOPOIETIN (TPO) = stimulates formation of platelets
- synthesized within the LIVER
COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS (CSF) = regulation of WBC production

function of RED BLOOD CELLS and function of HEMOGLOBIN?

FUNCTION:
- dedicated to RESPIRATORY GAS TRANSPORT
HEMOGLOBIN:
- binds reversibly with OXYGEN
- no nucleus or organelles—completely primary function is to CARRY OXYGEN without using it
- NORMAL VALUES:
  - 12-18 g/100 mL
- each hemoglobin molecule contains an IRON ION—**this allows for each molecule to bind to FOUR OXYGEN MOLECULES

describe RBC PLASMA MEMBRANE

PLASMA MEMBRANE:
- contains plasma membrane SPECTRIN
  - provides FLEXIBILITY to MODIFY ITS SHAPE—while it passes through capillaries
  - important in terms of the viscosity of blood

what is the STRUCTURE of HEMOGLOBIN?

HEME PIGMENT:
- bonded to each globin chain
- gives blood the RED COLOR
GLOBIN CHAIN:
- composed of 4 polypeptide chains
  - two ALPHA and two BETA chains
METALLOPROTEIN
- iron-containing oxygen transport within RBCs
- can carry over 300 million oxygen molecules

what are the ERYTHROPOIESIS STAGES?

ERYTHROPOIESIS:
- red blood cell production

ERYTHROPOIESIS STAGES:
1. MYELOID STEM CELL first transforms into PROERYTHROBLAST
2. (15 days) PROERYTHROBLASTS develop into (1) BASOPHIIC (2) POLYCHROMATIC (3) ORTHOCHROMATIC ERYTHROBLASTS (4) RETICULOCYTES
3. RETICULOCYTES will then enter the bloodstream, (2 days) will turn into MATURE RBC
to create a MATURED RBC:
- reticulocyte RIBOSOMES degraded—becomes MATURE ERYTHROCYTES

what is the HORMONAL CONTROL of ERYTHROPOIESIS?

HORMONE ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO):
- direct STIMULUS for ERYTHROPOIESIS
if we have HIGH RBC or OXYGEN levels, this DEPRESSES PRODUCTION of EPO
released by the KIDNEYS (also liver) responding to HYPOXIA

what causes HYPOXIA?

decrease of RBC due to HEMORRHAGE or INCREASED DESTRUCTION
INSUFFICIENT HEMOGLOBIN per RBC (iron deficiency)
reduced AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN (high altitudes)

what are the EFFECTS of EPO?

he rapid MATURATION of COMMITTED MARROW CELLS
INCREASED circulating RETICULOCYTE COUNT (1-2 days)

can have dangerous methods of EPO–such as ARTIFICIAL EPO or TESTOSTERONE

NATURAL BLOOD DOPING
- altitude doping
- excercise masks

what are some DIETARY REQUIREMENTS for ERYTHROPOIESIS?

IRON
(stored in FERRITIN and HEMOSIDERIN–transported in protein TRANSFERRIN)
VITAMIN b12 and FOLIC ACID
(need for DNA synthesis–the development of RBCs)

describe the RBC cycle

- RBC CYCLE: - RBCs live for only about **120 DAYS** - DEAD CELLS: - removed from the circulation by **SPLEEN and LIVER** - through **MACROPHAGES** - breakdown products from cells are **RECYCLED and REUSED**

describe and define the types of ANEMIA

ANEMIA: blood has abnormally **LOW OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY** - cannot support NORMAL METABOLISM - see symptoms of FATIGUE, PALLOR, SHORTNESS OF BREATH, and CHILLS THREE TYPES: - **BLOOD LOSS (1)** - **LOW RBC PRODUCTION (2)** - **HIGH RBC DESTRUCTION (3)**

describe types of BLOOD LOSS ANEMIAS

HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA: - **BLOOD LOSS RAPID** (ex. stab wounds) - if the loss reaches **1,000 ml or more**; can see SERIOUS ACUTE CONSEQUENCES - treated by **BLOOD REPLACEMENT** - CHRONIC HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA: - **SLIGHT** but **PERSISTENT BLOOD LOSS** - seen in **HEMORRHOIDS or BLEEDING ULCER** - primary problem treated

describe IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (LOW RBC)

- **IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA:** - can be caused by **HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA, LOW IRON INTAKE, or IMPAIRED ABSORPTION** - **IRON:** - important for the **production of HEMOGLOBIN** - results in MICROCYTIC, HYPOCHROMIC RBCs - often is seen in females at reproductive age + adolescent age - TREATMENT: - iron supplements

describe PERNICIOUS ANEMIA (LOW RBC)

- PERNICIOUS ANEMIA: - specific AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE: - destroys the STOMACH MUCOSA - due to lack of INTRINSIC FACTOR—needed to absorb B12 - deficiency of vitamin B12 - RBCS cannot DIVIDE to MACROCYTES (macrocytic) - TREATMENT: - B12 injections or nasal gel - cannot take B12 supplements ORALLY—due to LACK OF INTRINSIC FACTOR

describe RENAL ANEMIA (LOW RBC)

- RENAL ANEMIA: - a LACK OF **EPO** - often accompanies RENAL DISEASE - TREATMENT: - synthetic EPO

describe APLASTIC ANEMIA (LOW RBC)

- APLASTIC ANEMIA: - the DESTRUCTION or INHIBITION of **RED MARROW** - due to drugs, chemicals, radiation, or viruses - the usual cause is UNKNOWN - all CELL LINES ARE AFFECTED—all types of blood cells - ANEMIA; clotting and immunity defects - TREATMENTS: - short-term transfusions - long-term with transplanted stem cells

describe HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS (HIGH RBC)

- HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS: - typically GENETIC BASIS— - ABNORMAL Hb - ABNORMAL GLOBIN - more FRAGILE RBCs lyse prematurely - more fragments of RBCs—known as SCHISTOCYTES - PREMATURE RBC LYSIS - Hb abnormalities - INCOMPATIBLE TRANSFUSIONS - infections

describe THALASSEMIAS (HIGH RBC)

- THALASSEMIAS: - seen often in **MEDITERRANEAN ANCESTRY** - caused by **VARIANT or MISSING GENES—affects how the body makes hemoglobin** - make less hemoglobin—can result in ANEMIA - **one globin chain ABSENT or FAULTY** - can be either the **alpha or beta globin chain** - **alphassemia** - **betassemia** - **RBCs** - very THIN, DELICATE, and DEFICIENT in Hb

describe SICKLE CELL ANEMIA (HIGH RBC)

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: HEMOGLOBIN S: - one AMINO ACID is WRONG within the GLOBIN BETA CHAIN - often affects people with tropical ancestry - RBCS: - CRESCENT SHAPED—causes unloaded oxygen or blood oxygen become low - easy RUPTURING and POOR OXYGEN DELIVERY

what is POLYCYTHEMIA VERA?

BONE MARROW CANCER—the creation of excess RBCs - severely INCREASED BLOOD VISCOSITY - cancer of the red blood cells “myelo”—uncontrolled growth of RBCs - increases risk of HEART ATTACK AND STROKE

what is SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA?

- LESS OXYGEN AVAILABLE (high altitude) - EPO PRODUCTION increases - allows for a HIGHER RBC COUNT

describe CARDIAC MUSCLE