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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Reproductive System Part 2 > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the OVARIES

A
  • secrete the FEMALE GAMETES OVUM
  • sex hormone - ESTROGEN + PROGESTERONE;
    • ESTRADIOL
    • ESTRTRIOL
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2
Q

describe the FEMALE REPRO LIGAMENTS

A
  • OVARIAN LIGAMENT
    • anchors the ovary MEDIALLY to the UTERUS
  • SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT
    • anchors the ovary to the LATERAL WALL OF PELVIC WALL
  • BROAD LIGAMENT
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3
Q

what is it BLOOD SUPPLY

A
  • supplied by the GONADAL ARTERY
  • comes from the OVARIAN BRANCH of the UTERINE ARTERIES
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4
Q

what are the COVERINGS OF THE OVARY?

A
  • ovaries covered by a FIBROUS TUNICA ALBUGINEA
  • has outer layer of a GERMINAL CUBOIDAL LAYER
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5
Q

describe the OVARIAN FOLLICLES

A
  • OVARIAN FOLLICLES:
    • sac-like structures within CORTEX OF THE OVARY
    • contains the OOCYTES (immature egg)
  • FOLLICULAR CELL
    • one layer
  • GRANULOSA CELL
    • more than one layer
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6
Q

what are the FOLLICULAR STAGES?

A
  • PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE:
    • a SINGLE LAYER OF FOLLICLE CELLS + OOCYTE
    • now enters the FOLLICULAR STAGE;
  • VESICULAR (ANTRAL OR TERTIARY FOLLICLE:
    • a FULLY MATURE FOLLICLE
      • FLUID-FILLED ANTRUM:
        • follicle bulges from the OVARY SURFACE
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7
Q

definition of OVULATION

A
  • have the EJECTION OF THE OOCYTE from the RIPENING FOLLICLE
  • CORPUS INTEUM:
    • develops from RUPTURED FOLLICLE AFTER OVULATION
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8
Q

describe the UTERINE TUBES

A
  • before known as FALLOPIAN TUBES or OVIDUCT
  • receives the OVULATED OOCYTE
  • usual site for FERTILIZATION
  • completed covered by the PERITONEUM
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9
Q

describe the ISTHMUS

A

constricted area where TUBE and UTERUS JOIN TOGETHER

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10
Q

describe the AMPULLA

A

the DISTAL END OF TUBE that curves around the OVARY

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11
Q

describe the INFUNDIBULUM

A
  • DISTAL EXPANDED PART OF OVARY
  • contains FIMBRIAE—ciliated structures; creates CURRENTS to move oocytes into TUBE
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12
Q

describe ETOPIC PREGNANCY

A
  • implantation takes in the UTERUS
  • where IMPLANTATION AND FERTILIZATION TAKES PLACE IN UTERINE TUBE
  • similar to APPENDICITIS
  • look for PRESENCE OF HCG - HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
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13
Q

describe the PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

A
  • spread of infection from the REPRODUCTIVE TRACT into the PERITONEAL CAVITY
  • can cause SCAR TISSUE, one of the leading causes of INFERTILITY
  • commonly transmitted by STDs
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14
Q

describe the POSITION OF UTERUS

A
  • POSITION OF UTERUS:
    • ANTEVERTED:
      • INCLINED FORWARD (NORMAL POSITION)
    • RETROVERTED:
      • INCLINED BACKWARD
      • can happen in BIRTH when PLACENTA PULLED OUT TOO QUICKLY
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15
Q

describe the UTERUS AND FUNCTION

A
  • UTERUS:
    • a HOLLOW + THICK-WALLED + MUSCULAR ORGAN
  • FUNCTION:
    • RECEIVE + RETAINS + NOURISHES FERTILIZED OVUM
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16
Q

describe the UTERUS ANATOMY

A
  • UTERUS ANATOMY:
    • FUNDUS:
      • the ROUNDED AND SUPERIOR PART
    • ISTHMUS:
      • the NARROWED INFERIOR PART
    • CERVIX:
      • the NARROW NECK that projects into the VAGINA
    • CERVICAL CANAL:
      • communicates with VAGINA - external os
      • communicates with UTERUS - internal os
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17
Q

describe CERVICAL CANCER

A
  • fects around 450,000 women WORLDWIDE
  • killing over HALF
  • recommended for checkup every THREE YEARS; ages 21 - 30
  • most common age group; 30 - 50
  • use of PAPANICOLAOU (PAP) SMEAR for detection
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18
Q

describe a PROLAPSED UTERUS

A
  • an UNSUPPORTED UTERUS that sinks INFERIORLY until TIP OF CERVIX PROTRUDES through EXTERNAL VAGINAL OPENING
  • often due to OVERSTRETCHING + tearing of muscles during CHILDBIRTH
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19
Q

describe the LAYERS OF THE OVARY

A
  • PERIMETRIUM:
    • the OUTERMOST SEROUS LAYER (VISCERAL PERITONEUM)
  • MYOMETRIUM:
    • the BULKY MIDDLE LAYER consists of INTERLACING LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
    • contracts RHYTHMICALLY DURING CHILDBIRTH
  • ENDOMETRIUM:
    • the MUCOSAL LINING
    • has SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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20
Q

describe the HISTOLOGY OF THE ENDOMETRIUM

A
  • STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS:
    • changes in response to OVARIAN HORMONAL CYCLES
    • layer that is SHED DURING MENSTRUATION
  • STRATUM BASALIS:
    • forms a NEW STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS
    • UNRESPONSIVE to OVARIAN HORMONES
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21
Q

what is the VASCULAR SUPPLY of the UTERUS?

A
  • UTERINE ARTERIES:
    • from INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERIES&raquo_space; ARCUATE ARTERIES&raquo_space; RADIAL ARTERIES in the ENDOMETRIUM&raquo_space; STRAIGHT ARTERIES&raquo_space; SPIRAL ARTERIES (stratum functionalis)
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22
Q

describe the VAGINA

A
  • THIN WALLED TUBE
  • the BIRTHING CANAL and MENSTRUAL FLOW PATHWAY
  • organ of COAGULATION
  • extends from BLADDER to the rectum
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23
Q

describe the LAYERS OF THE VAGINAL WALL

A
  • made up of FIBROELASTIC ADEVENTITIA
  • SMOOTH MUSCLE MUSCULARIS
  • STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS MUCOSA with RUGAE
    • has DENDRITIC CELLS in the MUCOSA
    • can provide a route for HIV TRANSMISSION
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24
Q

describe VAGINAL SECRETIONS

A
  • VAGINAL SECRETIONS:
    • acidic in ADULT FEMALES but are more ALKALINE in ADOLESCENTS
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25
Q

describe the VAGINAL MUCOSA

A
  • near vaginal orifice forms INCOMPLETE PARTITION known as HYMEN
    • ruptures with INTERCOURSE
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26
Q

describe the VAGINAL FORNIX

A

the UPPER END OF VAGINA surrounding the CERVIX

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27
Q

describe the MONS PUBIS

A
  • fatty overlying tissue that OVERLAYS PUBIC SYNTHESIS
28
Q

describe the LABIA MAJORIA

A
  • has HAIR COVERED FATTY SKINFOLDS
  • the COUNTER PART TO MALE SCROTUM
29
Q

describe the LABIA MINORIA

A

hairless—lined by the LABIA MAJORIA

30
Q

describe the VESTIBULE

A

small RECESS WITHIN LABIA MINORA

31
Q

describe the CLITORIS (GLANS)

A
  • ANTERIOR TO VESTIBULE
  • GLANS — exposed portion
32
Q

describe the PREPUCE

A
  • the HOOD OF THE CLITORIS
  • the same as FORESKIN
33
Q

describe the GREATER VESTIBULAR GLANDS/BAROTHOLIN GLANDS

A
  • has FLANK VAGINAL OPENING
  • HOMOLOGOUS to BULBO-URETHRAL GLANDS
  • release of MUCUS into VESTIBULE for LUBRICATION
34
Q

describe the MAMARRY GLANDS

A
  • MAMMARY GLANDS:
    • present in MALE AND FEMALE
    • only FUNCTION IN FEMALE
  • ANATOMY:
    • have around 20-25 lobes
      • contain GLANDULAR ALVEOLI—production of milk > passes into lactiferous ducts and sinuses
35
Q

describe the AREOLAR

A

the PIGMENTED SKIN that surrounded the nipple

36
Q

describe the SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT (BREAST)

A

attaches BREAST TO UNDERLYING MUSCLE—PECTALORIS MAJOR MUSCLE

37
Q

describe BREAST CANCER

A
  • most common malignancy
  • second MOST COMMON CAUSE of CANCER DEATH in the US for WOMEN

RISK FACTORS:
have EARLY ONSET MENSTRUATION and LATE MENOPAUSE

38
Q

describe OOGENESIS

A
  • DOMINANT FOLLICLES:
    • resumes MEIOSIS I
    • HAVE TWO HAPLOID CELLS;
    • SECONDARY OOCYTE
      • large cell - full of cytoplasm and organelles
    • FIRST POLAR BODY
      • small cell - no cytoplasm
  • SECONDARY OOCYTE:
    • arrests in METAPHASE II—they become OVULATED
    • IF NOT PENETRATED;
      • DETERIORATES
    • PENETRATED;
      • SECOND OOCYTE COMPLETES MEIOSIS II
      • yields the OVUM into the SECOND POLAR BODY
39
Q

describe OOGONIA

A
  • (2n ovarian stem cells)
  • multiplies by MITOSIS and STORES NUTRIENTS
40
Q

describe PRIMARY OOCYTES

A
  • develop in the PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES become surrounded by FOLLICLE CELLS
  • begin the MEIOSIS, stalls in PROPHASE I
41
Q

describe FOLLICULAR PHASE AND LUTEAL PHASE

A

FOLLICULAR PHASE:

  • period of VESICULAR FOLLICLE GROWTH (days 1 - 14)
  • varies a BIT

LUTEAL PHASE:

  • period of CORPUS LUTEUM ACTIVITY (days 14 - 28)
  • always 14 days
42
Q

describe PATHWAY OF FOLLICLE

A
  • PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE&raquo_space; PRIMARY FOLLICLE
    • SQUAMOUS LIKE CELLS—surrounded the PRIMARY OOCYTE
      • becomes CUBOIDAL + OOCYTE ENLARGES
    • FOLLICLE; now called PRIMARY (1) FOLLICLE
  • PRIMARY FOLLICLE&raquo_space; SECONDARY FOLLICLE
    • beginning of PROLIFERATION OF FOLLICULAR CELLS—formation of STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM around the OOCYTE
  • SECONDARY FOLLICLE&raquo_space; VESCIULAR FOLLICLE
    • have the CONNECTIVE TISSUE + GRANULOSA CELLS begin to CONDENSE&raquo_space; THECA FOLLICULI
      • formed early vesicular follicle when liquid is CLEAR
      • ANTRUM:
        • LARGE CAVITY FORMED when FLUID COALESCES—distinguishes itself from other follicles
        • continues EXPANDING until ISOLATED;
    • ISOLATES OOCYTE:
      • has surroundings GRANULOSA CELLS known as the CORONA RADIATA
        • sites on STALK OF ONE SIDE OF FOLLICLE
        • bulges from EXTERNAL OVARY SURFACE
43
Q

describe the FOLLICULAR PHASE

A
  • stimulation of VESICULAR (ANTRAL) FOLLLICLES to GROW
  • triggered by increased levels of FSH
  • causes only ONE DOMINANT FOLLICLE TO BE SELECTED
44
Q

function of GRANULOSA CELLS

A
  • GRANULOSA CELLS:
    • sends SIGNALS TO OOCYTE to STOP AT METAPHASE II
45
Q

definition of MITTELSCHMERZ

A

The twinge OF PAIN sometimes FELT AT OVULATION by some women

46
Q

describe the LUTEAL PHASE of the OVARIAN CYCLE

A
  • ANTRUM filled with CLOTTED BLOOD
  • remaining GRANULOSA CELLS and INTERNAL THECAL CELLS ENLARGES
  • secretes PROGESTERONE and some ESTROGEN
  • NO PREGNANCY;
    • degenerates into the CORPUS ALBICANS (scar) in 10 days and be REABSORBED
47
Q

describe FSH and LH role in terms of sex hormone secretion

A
  • GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE:
    • stimulation of FSH and LH SECRETIONS
      • stimulate FOLLICLES TO MATURE — secretion of SEX HORMONES
      • FSH:
        • stimulates GRANULOSA CELLS - ESTROGEN
      • LH:
        • stimulates the THECA CELLS - ANDROGENS&raquo_space; converts into ESTROGEN
48
Q

function of PROGESTRONE

A
  • PROGESTERONE:
    • helps to MAINTAIN STRTUM FUNCTIONALIS
    • maintains PREGNANCY
49
Q

what is the THREE PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE?

A
  • UTERINE (MENSTRUAL CYCLE):
    • cyclic series of changes in the ENDOMETRIUM that occurs in response to FLUCTUATING OVARIAN HORMONE LEVELS
  • THREE PHASES:
    1. DAY 1 - 5: MENSTRUAL PHASE
    2. DAY 6 - 14: PROLIFERATIVE (PREOVULATORY PHASE)
      day 14 - ovulation
    3. DAY 15 - 28: SECRETORY (POSTOVULATORY PHASE)
50
Q

describe the MENSTRUAL PHASE

A
  • MENSTRUAL PHASE:
    • where OVARIAN HORMONES are at the LOWEST LEVELS
    • GONADOTROPIN LEVELS:
      • beginning to RISE
    • STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS:
      • detaches from the UTERINE WALL and begins to SHED
        • have MENSTRUAL FLOW OF BLOOD and tissue for around 3-5 days
    • DAY 5:
      • GROWING OVARIAN FOLLICLES start to PRODUCE MORE ESTROGEN
51
Q

describe the PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

A
  • PROLIFERATIVE (PREOVULATORY PHASE):
    • have RISING ESTROGEN LEVELS that begin to PROMPY the generation of NEW STRATUM FUNCTIONAL LAYER
      • layer begins to THICKEN;
        • glands ENLARGE
        • SPIRAL ARTERIES increase
    • ESTROGEN:
      • increases the SYNTHESIS OF PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in the ENDOMETRIUM
52
Q

describe the SECRETORY PHASE

A
  • SECRETORY PHASE:
    • phase that is the MOST CONSISTENT IN DURATION
    • ENDOMETRIUM:
      • gets ready for EMBRYO to IMPLANT
    • have RISING PROGESTERONE LEVELS from CORPUS LUTEUM;
      • have THICKENED MUCUS—forms CERVICAL MUCUS PLUG
      • blocks entry of MORE SPERM, PATHOGENS and DEBRIS
  • IF FERTILIZATION DOES NOT OCCUR:
    • have the DEGENERATION OF CORPUS LUTEUM at end of secretory phase
    • have the FALLING OF PROGESTERONE LEVELS
    • can cause SPIRAL ARTERIES to KINK and SPASM
53
Q

describe ORGASM

A
  • accompanied by MUSCLE TENSION + INCREASE OF PULSE RATE + BP + RHYTHMIC CONTRACTIONS of the UTERUS
  • do not have REFRACTORY PERIOD
54
Q

describe FEMALE LIBIDO

A
  • prompted by DHEA
  • androgen from ADRENAL CORTEX—ADRENAL GLAND
  • leads to production of ANDROGENS and ESTROGENS
55
Q

describe GONORRHEA

A
  • the BACTERIAL INFECTION of MUCOSAE + REPRODUCTIVE + UT
  • caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • spreads through GENITAL + ANAL + PHARYNGEAL MUCOSAE
56
Q

describe SYPHILIS

A
  • SYPHILIS:
    • BACTERIAL INFECTION that is transmitted SEXUALLY ot CONGENITALLY
    • caused by Treponema pallidum
    • infected fetuses — can become STILLBORN or DIE SHORTLY AFTER
  • SYMPTOMS:
    • bacteria can invade MUCOSAE or EVEN BROKEN SKIN
57
Q

describe CHLAMYDIA

A
  • the MOST COMMON BACTERIAL STI in the USA
  • caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
  • can be contracted from BIRTH CANAL BY NEWBORNS
58
Q

describe TRICHOMONIASIS

A
  • TRICHOMONIASIS:
    • the MOST COMMON CURABLE STI in ACTIVE YOUNG WOMEN in the USA
    • type of PROTOZOAN INFECTION—easily treated
  • SYMPTOMS:
    • have YELLOW-GREEN VAGINAL DISCHARGE with STRONG ODOR
59
Q

describe GENITAL WARTS

A
  • GENITAL WARTS:
    • caused by HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)
    • the SECOND MOST COMMON STI in the USA
60
Q

describe the DETERMINATION OF GENETIC SEX

A
  • DETERMINATION OF GENETIC SEX:
    • of the 46 CHROMOSOMES in FERTILIZED EGG
    • TWO ARE SEX CHROMOSOMES (other 44 are AUTOSOMES)
      • X CHROMOSOME (LARGE)
      • Y CHROMOSOME (SMALL)
    • FEMALES:
      • XX; each OVUM has an X CHROMOSOME
    • MALES:
      • XY; around 50% contain X CHROMOSOME (SPERM) + around 50% contain Y CHROMOSOME
61
Q

defintiion of SRY GENE

A
  • the MASTER SWITCH on the Y CHROMOSOME that INITIATES TESTES DEVELOPMENT AND MALENESS
    • father determines sex of child
62
Q

definition of NONDISJUNCTION

A
  • the ABNORMAL DISTRIBUTION of SEX CHROMOSOMES to GAMETES that can CAUSE ABNORMALITIES in SEXUAL + REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
63
Q

describe TURNER’S SYNDROME

A
  • TURNER’S SYNDROME:
    • known as MONOSYGNY — chromosome XO
    • accompanied with INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
64
Q

describe KLEINTELFER’S SYNDROME

A
  • seen in MALES—just has a SINGLE Y CHROMOSOME and TWO OR MORE X CHROMOSOMES
  • more female-like proportions etc..
65
Q

where do the TESTES AND OVARIES FORM FROM?

A
  • TESTES FORMATION:
    • begins in WEEK 7 FOR MALES—MESONEPHRIC DUCT
  • FEMALE OVARY FORMATION:
    • starts to develop in WEEK 8 for FEMALES—PARAMESONEPHRIC DUCT
66
Q

defention of PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES

A
  • individuals with EXTERNAL GENITALIA that do not “MATCH” their GONADS
  • due to interferences of NORMAL SEX HORMONE PRODUCTION in the EMBRYO
67
Q

definition of CRYPTORCHIDISM

A
  • the FAILURE OF TESTES to make their NORMAL DESCENT
  • can cause STERILITY + INCREASES RISK of TESTICULAR CANCER

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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