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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Urinary System Part 2 > Flashcards

The Urinary System Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

how can FILTRATE BE REABSORBED?

A
  • reabsorbed by both ACTIVE & PASSIVE PROCESSES
  • especially WATER, GLUCOSE, AMINO ACIDS, and IONS
  • SECRETION:
    • helps to MANAGE pH & RIDS THE BODY OF TOXIC & FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
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2
Q

describe PARACELLULAR REABSORPTION

A
  • passive fluid leakage between cells
  • transport between TUBULE CELLS
  • leaky within PROXIMAL NEPHRON
  • the PRINCIPAL LOCATION of TRANSPORT for H20, Ca, Mag, K, some Na (PCT)
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3
Q

describe TRANSCELLULAR REABSORPTION

A
  • directly through the tubule cells
  • going through APICAL MEMBRANE
  • enters through CYTOSOL—exiting BASOLATERAL SIDE&raquo_space;> enters the BLOOD
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4
Q

describe TUBULAR REABSORPTION of SODIUM

A
  • SODIUM TRANSPORT across the BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE:
    • Na+ - most ABUNDANT CATION in FILTRATE
      • TRANSPORT across BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE
        • PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
          • out of tubule cell by NA+-K+ ATPase PUMP&raquo_space;> (BULK FLOW) PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
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5
Q

how does TRANSPORT OCCUR across the APICAL MEMBRANE

A
  • NA+ enters TUBULE CELL at APICAL SURFACE:
    • SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT (COTRANSPORT) via FACILITATED DIFFUSION through CHANNELS
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6
Q

describe the ACTIVE PUMPING of NA+ (across the BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE)

A
  • results in strong ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT within TUBULE CELLS
    • results in LOW INTRACELLULAR NA+ LEVELS that facilitates NA+ DIFFUSION
    • have a LEAKAGE OF POTASSIUM—leaves a NEGATIVE CHARGE
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7
Q

describe SODIUM REABSORPTION

A

through PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT provides ENERGY and means for REABSORBING almost every other substance

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8
Q

how are ORGANIC NUTRIENTS REABSORBED?

A
  • organic nutrients reabsorbed by SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT are COTRANSPORTED with NA+
  • have a specific APICAL CARRIER; moves SODIUM DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
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9
Q

how is WATER REABSORBED?

A
  • reabsorbed by OSMOSIS
  • aided by WATER-FILLED PORES called AQUAPORINS
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10
Q

describe OBLIGATORY AND FACULATIVE WATER REABSORPTION

A
  • OBLIGATORY WATER REABSORPTION:
    • AQUAPORINS are always present in PCT
  • FACULTATIVE WATER REABSORPTION:
    • AQUAPORINS are inserted in collecting ducts only if ADH is present
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11
Q

what is the TRANSPORT MAXIMUM

A
  • exists for almost EVERY REABSORBED SUBSTANCE
    • reflects NUMBER OF CARRIERS in RENAL TUBULES that are AVAILABLE
  • when carriers for a SOLUTE are SATURATED
    • excess is excreted in URINE
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12
Q

where is the site of the MOST REABSORPTION?

A

the PCT;
- exists for almost EVERY REABSORBED SUBSTANCE
- reflects NUMBER OF CARRIERS in RENAL TUBULES that are AVAILABLE
- when carriers for a SOLUTE are SATURATED
- excess is excreted in URINE

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13
Q

describe the NEPHRON LOOP–and its LIMBS OF REABSORPTION

A
  • NEPHRON LOOP:
    • DESCENDING LIMB: H20 can leave, solutes cannot
    • ASCENDING LIMB: H20 cannot leave, solutes can
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14
Q

how is REABSORPTION in the DCT and COLLECTING DUCT, and what are the FOUR HORMONES that affect its REABSORPTION?

A

is controlled by HORMONES

  • ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH):
    • water — causes the PRINCIPAL CELLS to OPEN AQUAPORINS; increase WATER REABSORPTION
    • posterior pituitary
  • ALDOSTERONE
    • (NA+ REABSORPTION)—leads to INCREASE BP
    • affects the DCT and COLLECTING DUCT
  • ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP):
    • NA+ is REDUCED—results in DECREASE in BV and BP
  • PTH:
    • Ca2+—acts on the DCT; increases CALCIUM REABSORPTION
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15
Q

describe TUBULAR SECRETION

A
  • is REABSORPTION IN REVERSE
  • occurs ALMOST COMPLETELY in PCT
  • selected substances are moved from PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES through TUBULE CELLS out into FILTRATE
  • elimination of UNDESIRABLE SUBSTANCES—passively reabsorbed
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16
Q

describe the COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLER

A
  • interaction of FILTRATE FLOW in ASCENDING/DESCENDING LIMBS of NEPHRON LOOPS of JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS
  • creates the GRADIENT
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17
Q

describe the COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGER

A
  • blood flow in ASCENDING/DESCENDING LIMBS of VASA RECTA
  • PRESERVES the GRADIENT
  • preserved MEDULLARY GRADIENT by;
    1. PREVENTING RAPID REMOVAL of SALT FROM INTERSTITIAL SPACE
    2. REMOVING REABSORBED WATER
18
Q

what is the relationship between the COUNTERCURRENT MULIPLER and EXCHANGER?

A

both work in UNISON — allows to VARY URINE CONCENTRATIONS

  • always have a CONSTANT DIFFERENCE of 200 MOSM
19
Q

function of the VASA RECTA

A
  • VASA RECTA:
    • preserves MEDULLARY GRADIENT
    • prevents RAPID REMOVAL of SALT FROM INTERSTITIAL SPACE
    • removes REABSORBED WATER
20
Q

describe the formation of DILUTION

A
  • FORMATION OF DILUTION:
    • established MEDULLARY OSMOTIC GRADIENT can now be USED to FORM DILUTE or CONCENTRATED URINE
    • OVERHYDRATION:
      • produces a LARGE VOLUME OF DILUTE URINE
    • DEHYDRATION:
      • produces a SMALL VOLUME OF CONCENTRATED URINE
21
Q

function of a URINALYSIS

A
  • URINE is EXAMINED for signs of disease
    • can be used to test for ILLEGAL SUBSTANCES
  • assessment for RENAL FUNCTION that requires BOTH BLOOD and URINE EXAMINATION
    • ex. RENAL FUNCTION—can be assessed by MEASURING NITROGENOUS WASTES in BLOOD ONLY
22
Q

function of INULIN

A
  • plant polysaccharide—standard used
    • FREELY FILTERED and neither REABSORBED nor SECRETED by KIDNEYS
    • renal clearance = GFR (~125 mL/min)
23
Q

definition of RENAL CLEARANCE

A
  • VOLUME OF PLASMA KIDNEYS can clear of a PARTICULAR SUBSTANCE in a GIVEN TIME
  • used to DETERMINE GFR
24
Q

define CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE

A

defined as GFR < 60 ml/min for THREE MONTHS

25
Q

describe RENAL FAILURE

A
  • defined as GFR < 15 ml / min
    • causes UREMIA:
      • IONIC AND HORMONAL IMBALANCE + METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES + TOXIC MOLECULE ACCUM.
26
Q

what is the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF URINE and its NITROGENOUS WASTES

A
  • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
    • 95% WATER + 5% SOLUTES
      • NITROGENOUS WASTES:
        • UREA (from AMINO ACID BREAKDOWN)—largest SOLUTE COMPONENT
        • URIC ACID (from NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM)
        • CREATININE (a metabolite of CREATINE PHOSPHATE)
27
Q

describe URINE’S PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

A
  • CLEAR:
    • cloudy may INDICATE URINARY TRACT INFECTION
  • PALE to DEEP YELLOW from UROCHROME
  • ODOR:
    • slightly aromatic when FRESH
  • pH:
    • urine is SLIGHTLY ACIDIC (pH 6 with RANGE of 4.5 to 8.0)
  • SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
    = 1 ratio of MASS OF SUBSTANCE to MASS OF EQUAL VOLUME of WATER
28
Q

what are the THREE LAYERS OF THE URETER

A
  • MUCOSA
    • innermost layer—made up of TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
  • MUSCULARIS
    • propels URINE INTO BLADDER—peristalsis
    • responds to STRETCH
  • ADVENTITIA
    • the outermost layer—outer FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
29
Q

describe the RENAL CALCULI

A
  • KIDNEY STONES in RENAL PELVIS
    • crystallized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts
  • LARGE STONES begin to BLOCK THE URETER—causing PRESSURE and PAIN
30
Q

describe the URINARY BLADDER

A
  • a muscular sac—stores URINE TEMP.
  • found in RETROPETRIONEUM
31
Q

definition of TRIGONES

A
  • where ureters connects
  • where UTIs most commonly manifest
32
Q

define the DETRUSOR MUSCLE

A
  • made up to THREE LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
  • collapses when EMPTY—see the RUGAE
33
Q

describe the URETHRA

A
  • URETHRAS:
    • muscular tube that DRAINS URINARY BLADDER
  • LINING EPITHELIUM:
    • consists of mostly PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM except;
      • TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM near the bladder
      • STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM near EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE
34
Q

what are the SPHINCTERS?

A
  • INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER:
    • involuntary (smooth muscle) at BLADDER-URETHRA JUNCTION
    • contracts to OPEN
  • EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER:
    • the voluntary (skeletal) muscle surrounding URETHRA as it PASSES THROUGH PELVIC FLOOR
35
Q

what are the THREE REGIONS OF THE URETHRA?

A
  1. PROSTATIC URETHRA
  2. INTERMEDIATE PART OF URETHRA (MEMBRANOUS URETHRA)
  3. SPONGY URETHRA
36
Q

describe UTI

A
  • caused by IMPROPER TOILET HABITS;
    • such as wiping back to front after defecation
      • the SHORT URETHRA of FEMALES can ALLOW FECAL BACTERIA to easily ENTER THE URETHRA
  • most UTIS seen in SEXUALLY ACTIVE WOMEN
37
Q

definition of URETHRITIS

A

the INFLAMMATION OF URETHRA

38
Q

definition of CYSTITIS

A

the INFLAMMATION OF BLADDER

39
Q

what are the THREE EVENTS NEEDED for MICTURITION?

A
  • MICTURITION:
    • called URINATION or VOIDING
  • THREE SIMULTANEOUS EVENTS must occur:
    1. CONTRACTION of DETRUSOR by ANS
    2. the OPENING of the INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER by the ANS
    3. opening of EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER by the SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
40
Q

where do the KIDNEYS arise from?

A

the MESODERM

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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