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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Respiratory System Part 1 > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

A
  • aids in OXYGEN SUPPLY to the BODY during the PROCESS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
  • removal of CO2–the WASTE PRODUCT OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
  • important for OLFACTION and SPEECH
  • related to CIRCULATORY SYSTEM and the CARDIOVAS. helps with the TRANSPORTATION OF GASES
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2
Q

what are the FOUR PROCESSES OF RESPIRATION?

A
  1. PULMONARY VENTILATION (BREATHING)
  • part of RESPIRATORY SYS–just the ACTUAL MOVEMENT of AIR IN and OUT of the LUNGS
  1. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
  • part of RESPIRATORY SYS–the EXCHANGE between O2 & CO2 between the LUNGS AND THE BLOOD
  1. TRANSPORT
  • part of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM–seeing O2 & CO2 within the BLOOD
  1. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
  • part of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM–the EXCHANGE of O2 and CO2 between BV & TISSUES
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3
Q

what are the MAJOR ORGAN DIVISIONS of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

A
  1. UPPER RESPIRATORY
  2. LOWER RESPIRATORY
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4
Q

what are the MAJOR UPPER RESPIRATORY ORGANS?

A
  • NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY
  • PARANASAL SINUSES
  • PHARYNX
  • LARYNX

the VOCAL FOLDS are the DIVIDING LINE that divides both UPPER AND LOWER TRACTS

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5
Q

what are the MAJOR LOWER RESPIRATORY ORGANS?

A
  • TRACHEA
  • BRONCHI and BRANCHES
  • LUNGS & ALVEOLI
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6
Q

describe the TWO MAJOR ZONES in terms of the the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM’S FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY

A

CONDUCTING ZONE:

  • has the SPECIFIC CONDUITS TO GAS EXCHANGE SITES–acts as a PIPELINE
  • however, GAS EXCHANGE DOES NOT OCCUR HERE
  • includes all RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES–to CLEANSE, WARM + HUMIDIFY AIR

RESPIRATORY ZONE:

  • the ACTUAL SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
  • includes MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES; RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLAR DUCTS, ALVEOLI
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7
Q

describe the NOSE

A
  • has a SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORK OF BONE AND HYALINE CARTILAGE
  • BONEY FRAMEWORK; composed of the FRONTAL, NASAL, and MAXILLAE BONES
  • helps with the PRODUCTION OF MUCUS, FILTERS + WARMS incoming air
  • has RECEPTORS for SENSE OF SMELL
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8
Q

describe the NASAL CAVITY

A
  • cavity is DIVIDED through its MIDLINE; this is known as the NASAL SEPTUM
    (made up of SEPTAL CARTILAGE)

has POSTERIOR NASAL APERTURES;
this is just the OPENING to where the cavity turns into the NASOPHARYNX

has the NASAL VESTIBULE;
lined with VIBRISSAE (nose hairs) - acts as a FILTER

has the NASAL CONCHAE;
helps with INCREASING MUCOSAL AREA + AIR TURBULENCE (has THREE; SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, and INFERIOR)

(also has NASAL MEATUS–grooves that are INFERIOR to each CONCHA)

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9
Q

definition of ANOSMIA

A

the LOSS OF SMELL

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10
Q

describe the OLFACTORY MUCOSA

A
  • contains the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
  • contains the OLFACTORY NERVE; carries SENSORY INFO for the SENSE OF SMELL
    (passes the FORAMEN OF THE CRIBIFORM PLATE)
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11
Q

describe RESPIRATORY MUCOSA

A

made up of PSUEDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

  • found in the RESPIRATORY TRACT
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12
Q

describe SEROMUCOUS NASAL GLANDS/SEROUS CELLS

A
  • made from MUCUS and SEROUS SECRETIONS
  • contains LYSOZYMES and DEFENSINS
  • helps for PROTECTION against PATHOGENS
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13
Q

what is the BLOOD SUPPLY and NERVE SUPPLY of the NASAL CAVITY

A

BLOOD SUPPLY:

  • receives blood from both the INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES
  • helps to CHANGE HUMIDITY AND TEMP FOR AIR

NERVE SUPPLY:

  • the TRIGEMINAL NERVE
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14
Q

definition of EPITAXIS

A

nosebleed; often seen in ANTERIOR THIRD OF NASAL CAVITY

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15
Q

describe the PARANASAL SINUSES

A
  • formation of RINGS around the NASAL CAVITIES
  • seen within FRONTAL, SPHENOID, ETHMOID, AND MAXILLARY BONES

FUNCTIONS:

  • helps to LIGHTEN THE SKULL
  • helps with the SECRETION OF MUCUS
  • helps to WARM AND MOISTEN AIR
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16
Q

definition of RHINITIS

A

the INFLAMMATION OF THE NASAL MUCOSA

**important to note the NASAL MUCOSA is CONT. with MUCOSA OF RESPIRATORY TRACT (can lead into the nose, throat, and the chest)

  • allows for the spread into PARANASAL SINUSES > BLOCKAGE of SINUS PATHWAYS
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17
Q

describe the PHARYNX

A
  • type of FUNNEL-SHAPED MUSCULAR TUBE
  • connects with the NASAL CAVITY + MOUTH to the LARYNX + ESOPHAGUS
  • a specific PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR + PASSAGE FOR FOOD
  • HOUSES THE TONSILS
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18
Q

what are the THREE REGIONS OF THE PHARYNX?

A
  • NASOPHARYNX
  • OROPHARYNX
  • LARYNGOPHARYNX
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19
Q

describe the NASOPHARYNX

A

NASOPHARYNX:

  • the AIR PASSAGEWAY that is POSTERIOR to the NASAL CAVITY

LINING:

  • made up of PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
  • has CILIA and GOBLET CELLS

FUNCTIONS:

  • allows for the SOFT PALATE and UVULA to CLOSE THE NASOPHARYNX during SWALLOWING
  • allows to be PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR
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20
Q

describe the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC (AUDITORY) TUBE

A

specific tube that helps to DRAIN and EQUALIZE PRESSURE within the MIDDLE EAR

  • is OPEN INTO LATERAL WALLS
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21
Q

describe the ORPHARYNX–and specfic anatomy

A

OROPHARYNX:

  • the PASSAGEWAY FOR FOOD AND AIR from the LEVEL OF SOFT PALATE to the EPIGLOTTIS

LINING:

  • made up of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

SPECIFIC ANATOMY (3):

ISTHMUS OF FACUES
- the opening to the ORAL CAVITY
PALATINE TONSILS
LINGUAL TONSILS

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22
Q

describe the LARYNGOPHARYNX

A

LARYNGOPHARYNX:

  • the PASSAGEWAY FOR FOOD and AIR

LINING:

made up of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

ANATOMY:

  • is POSTERIOR to UPRIGHT EPIGLOTTIS
  • begins to EXTEND into the LARYNX and is CONT. with the ESOPHAGUS
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23
Q

definition of ADENOIDITIS

A
  • the cause of INFECTED and SWOLLEN ADENOIDS
  • can begin to BLOCK AIR PASSAGES into the NASOPHARYNX–start of BREATHING THROUGH MOUTH (air is NOT PROPERLY MOISTENED, WARMED, and FILTERED
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24
Q
A
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25
Q

what are the STRUCTURES of the LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (4)?

A
  • LARYNX
  • TRACHEA
  • BRONCHI
  • LUNGS

again, TWO ZONES – CONDUCTING ZONE and RESPIRATORY ZONE

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26
Q

describe the LARYNX and its FUNCTIONS

A

LARYNX:

  • attaches onto the HYOID BONE
  • begins with opening into LARYNGOPHARYNX – cont. onto the TRACHEA
  • around C3 - C6

FUNCTIONS:

  • a PATENT AIRWAY
  • gives ROUTES FOR AIR AND FOOD into PROPER CHANNELS
  • allows for VOICE PRODUCTION–vocal folds
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27
Q

describe the CARTILAGES of the LARYNX; which one’s are UNPAIRED and PAIRED?

A
  • has an ARRANGEMENT OF NINE CARTILAGES; connected by MEMBRANES and LIGAMENTS

SIX IN TOTAL; 3 PAIRED + 3 UNPAIRED

3 PAIRED:

  • CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE
  • CORNICULATE CARTILAGE
  • ARYTENOID CARTILAGE

3 UNPAIRED:

  • EPIGLOTTIS CARTILAGE
  • THYROID CARTILAGE
  • CRICOID CARTILAGE
28
Q

describe the THYROHYOID MEMBRANE

A

connects the THYROID CARTILAGE to the HYOID BONE

29
Q

describe the CRICOID CARTILAGE

A

(UNPAIRED CARTILAGE)

  • forms the INFERIOR WALL OF THE LARYNX
  • attaches onto the TRACHEA
  • forms a RING, and is NOT OPEN POSTERIORLY like the THYROID CARTILAGE
  • allows for AIR PATENCY
30
Q

describe the THYROID CARTILAGE

A

(UNPAIRED CARTILAGE)

  • protection of the VOCAL CORDS and surrounding MUSCLES
  • helps to SUPPORT VOCAL PRODUCTION
  • houses the LARNGEAL PROMINENCE (ADAM’S APPLE)
    **men have a BIGGER ADAM’S APPLE due to increased testosterone levels/ BIGGER LARYNX
31
Q

describe the EPIGLOTTIS

A

(UNPAIRED CARTILAGE)

  • made up of ELASTIC CARTILAGE
  • allows for itself to TIP OVER, when the PHARYNX + LARYNX RISE – sends FOOD INTO ESOPHAGUS
  • allows for VOCAL CORDS to VIBRATE – for SOUND PRODUCTION
32
Q

describe the ARTENOID CARTILAGE

A
  • the MOST IMPORTANT of the PAIRED CARTILAGES
  • supports TENSION on the VOCAL FOLDS
33
Q

describe the CORNICULATE and CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE

A

CORNICULATE CARTILAGE:

  • elastic
  • HORN-SHAPED

CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE:

  • is elastic
  • CLUB SHAPED

both places in the LATERAL and POSTERIOR PORTION of the LARYNX

34
Q

describe the LININGS of the LARYNX

A

SUPERIOR PORTION:

  • made up of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
  • much more RESILIENT to FOOD, WATER, or TRAUMA etc..

INFERIOR PORTION:

  • made up of PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
  • innervated by VAGUS NERVE
35
Q

describe the TRUE VOCAL CORDS/VOCAL LIGAMENTS

A
  • the FORM CORE of the VOCAL FLODS
  • contains ELASTIC FIBERS that APPEAR WHITE–due to LACK OF BV
36
Q

describe the VESTIBULAR FOLDS

A
  • known as our FALSE VOCAL CORDS
  • helps to CLOSE the GLOTTIS during SWALLOWING
37
Q

describe the MOVEMENT of the VOCAL CORDS

A
  • the folds of the MEMBRANOUS TISSUE projects INWARDS from the LARYNX–formation of a SLIT across the GLOTTIS in the THROAT
  • edges begin to VIBRATE within AIRSTREAM = production of VOICE
38
Q

describe the VALSALVA MANEUVER

A

where VOCAL CORDS acts as a SPHINCTER to PREVENT AIR PASSAGE

39
Q

describe the TRACHEA/WINDPIPE

A
  • extends from the LARYNX all the way to the PRIMARY BRONCHI
  • around 3 1/2 - 4 inches long
40
Q

describe the ANNULAR LIGAMENTS OF THE TRACHEA

A
  • has CIRCULAR BANDS of FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • allows to JOIN the TRACHEAL RINGS TOGETHER
  • remains OPEN–allows for an OPEN AIRWaY
41
Q

describe the TRACHEALIS MUSCLE

A
  • has SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS–connects the POSTERIOR PART of the CARTILAGE RINGS
  • contracts when COUGHING = expels any OBJECTS and MUCUS
42
Q

describe the CARINA

A
  • the LAST TRACHEAL CARTILAGE
  • begins to EXPAND–this is where the TRACHEA branches into the RIGHT and LEFT BRONCHI
43
Q

what are the THREE LAYERS of the TRACHEA and its INNERVATION?

A

LAYERS:

  • MUCOSA
  • SUBMUCOSA
  • ADVENTITIA

INNERVATION:

  • innervated by the VAGUS NERVE
44
Q

describe the MUCOSA – trachea

A
  • made up of CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM with GOBLET CELLS
  • helps to TRAP PARTICLES–use of the CILIARY ESCALATOR to keep LUNGS STERILE
45
Q

describe the SUBMUCOSA

A
  • made up of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with SEROMUCOUS GLANDS
  • surrounded by around 16-20 C SHAPRED RINGS of HYALINE CARTILAGE
46
Q

describe the ADEVENTITIA

A
  • the OUTERMOST LAYER made up of CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • begins to ENCASE the C-SHAPED RINGS
47
Q

describe the CLINICAL CORRELATION in terms of SMOKING

A
  • smoking begins to INHIBIT and DESTROY CILIIA –known as EPITHELIUM METAPLASIA
  • normal CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM replaced by STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (without proper CILIA – greater MUCUS ACCUMULATION)
  • the LOSS OF THE CILIARY ESCALATOR
48
Q

describe the BRONCHI DIVISIONS

A

TRACHEA:

  • begins to BRANCH into the BRONCHI; seen at the SUPERIOR BORDER of T7
  • branches of RIGHT AND LEFT PRIMARY BRONCHUS; branches into RIGHT AND LEFT LUNGS

RIGHT LUNG; 3 LOBES
LEFT LUNG; 2 LOBES

** THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES – the END OF THE CONDUCTING ZONE

49
Q

describe the BRANCHING of the BRONCHIAL TREE

A
  1. TRACHEA
  2. MAIN BRONCHI
  3. LOBAR BRONCHI
  4. SEGMENTAL BRONCHI
  5. BRONCHIOLES
  6. TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
50
Q

describe the BRONCHI EPITHELIUM TYPE CHANGES

A
  • MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM begins to THIN changes from;
  1. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMAR
  2. COLUMNAR
  3. CUBOIDAL

*within the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

ANATOMY CHANGES:

  • decrease of CILIA and MUCUS PRODUCING CELLS
  • increase of SMOOTH MUSCLE
  • increases as PASSAGEWAYS BECOME SMALLER
51
Q

describe the PATHWAY of the RESPIRATORY ZONE

A

PATHWAY:

  1. RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
  2. ALVEOLAR DUCTS
  3. ALVEOLAR SACS
  4. ALVEOLI

(have around 300 MILLION ALVEOLI–makes up most of our LUNG VOLUME)
**the SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE

52
Q

describe the ALVEOLI

A
  • SAC-LIKE STRUCTURES
  • have over 700 MILLION ALVEOLI
  • allows for GAS EXCHANGE through SIMPLE DIFFUSION–membranes are EXTREMELY THIN (ONE CELL THIN) within the
53
Q

describe the TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS

A
  • known as SQUAMOUS PULMONARY EPITHELIAL CELLS
  • lining as SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
  • the MAIN SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
54
Q

describe the TYPE II CELLS (SEPTAL CELLS)

A
  • found between TYPE I
  • is CUBOIDAL
55
Q

describe the TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS

A
  • secretion of SURFACTANT
  • made up of PHOSPHOLIPIDS + LIPOPROTEINS
  • keeps the LUNGS INFLATED
56
Q

function of ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

A
  • keeps the ALVEOLI STERILE
57
Q

describe the GROSS ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS

A
  • occupies all of the THORACIC CAVITY (except for the MEDIASTINUM)
  • lungs are OVERBUILT–has a TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF VOLUME
  • a DOUBLE LAYERED ORGAN–the SERIS + VISCERAL
58
Q

what are the STRUCTURES of the LUNGS

A

APEX:

the SUPERIOR TIP - DEEP TO THE CLAVICLE

BASE:

the INFERIOR SURFACE that RESTS on the DIAPHRAGM

all surrounded by the PLEURAE

59
Q

function of HILUM

A
  • found on the MEDIASTINUAL SURFACE
  • the SITE for the ENTRY/EXIT of the BLOOD VESSELS, BRONCHI, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and NERVES
60
Q

describe the LEFT LUNG’S ANATOMY

A
  • separated into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR LOBES by the OBLIQUE FISSURE
61
Q

describe the RIGHT LUNG’S ANATOMY

A
  • has the SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, and INFERIOR LOBES
  • all SEPARATED by OBLIQUE + HORIZONTAL FISSURES
62
Q

define PNEUMOTHORAX + HEMOTHORAX + ATELECTASIS

A

PNEUMOTHORAX:

  • air is COMING INTO the THORACIC REGION

HEMOTHORAX:

  • have BLOOD ACCUMULATION within the THORACIC CAVITY–often due to TRAUMA

ATELECTASIS:

  • condition is where ALVEOLI IS DEFLATED
  • often due to POST-SURGICAL ATELECTASIS
63
Q

describe the PULMONARY CIRCULATION within the LUNGS

A

PULMONARY ARTERIES:

  • delivery of SYSTEMIC VENOUS BLOOD to the LUNGS for OXYGENATION
  • branches PROFUSELY into the PULMONARY CAPILLARY NETWORKS

PULMONARY VEINS:

  • carries OXYGENATED BLOOD from the RESPIRATORY ZONES to the HEART
64
Q

describe BRONCHIAL CIRCULATION

A

BRONCHIAL ARTERIES:

  • supplies all LUNG TISSUE except the ALVEOLI
    (due to them having their OWN CAPILLARY NETWORK)

BRONCHIAL VEINS:

  • carries MOST VENOUS BLOOD BACK into the HEART
  • combines with the PULOMONARY VEINS > drains into AZYGOS VEIN > THORACIC CAVITY
65
Q

define the PLEURAE

A

a THIN DOUBLE LAYERED SEROUSAL MEMBRANE

  • divides the THORACIC CAVITY into TWO PLEURAL COMPARTMENTS and the MEDIASTINUM
66
Q

define the PLEURAL FLUID

A
  • fills the SLITLIKE PLEURAL CAVITY that is BETWEEN the TWO PLEURAE
  • GIVES LUBRICATION and SURFACE TENSION
  • allows for GREATER EXPANSION and RECOIL AROUND THE LUNGS
67
Q

defintion of PLEURISY

A

the INFLAMMATION OF PLEURAE - can OFTEN CAUSE PNEUMONIA

  • turns ROUGH and risks FRICTION during BREATHS (can cause feeling of SHARP PAIN)
  • see and produces EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF FLUID

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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