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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Respiratory System Part 1 > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

A
  • aids in OXYGEN SUPPLY to the BODY during the PROCESS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
  • removal of CO2–the WASTE PRODUCT OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
  • important for OLFACTION and SPEECH
  • related to CIRCULATORY SYSTEM and the CARDIOVAS. helps with the TRANSPORTATION OF GASES
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2
Q

what are the FOUR PROCESSES OF RESPIRATION?

A
  1. PULMONARY VENTILATION (BREATHING)
  • part of RESPIRATORY SYS–just the ACTUAL MOVEMENT of AIR IN and OUT of the LUNGS
  1. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
  • part of RESPIRATORY SYS–the EXCHANGE between O2 & CO2 between the LUNGS AND THE BLOOD
  1. TRANSPORT
  • part of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM–seeing O2 & CO2 within the BLOOD
  1. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
  • part of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM–the EXCHANGE of O2 and CO2 between BV & TISSUES
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3
Q

what are the MAJOR ORGAN DIVISIONS of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

A
  1. UPPER RESPIRATORY
  2. LOWER RESPIRATORY
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4
Q

what are the MAJOR UPPER RESPIRATORY ORGANS?

A
  • NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY
  • PARANASAL SINUSES
  • PHARYNX
  • LARYNX

the VOCAL FOLDS are the DIVIDING LINE that divides both UPPER AND LOWER TRACTS

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5
Q

what are the MAJOR LOWER RESPIRATORY ORGANS?

A
  • TRACHEA
  • BRONCHI and BRANCHES
  • LUNGS & ALVEOLI
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6
Q

describe the TWO MAJOR ZONES in terms of the the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM’S FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY

A

CONDUCTING ZONE:

  • has the SPECIFIC CONDUITS TO GAS EXCHANGE SITES–acts as a PIPELINE
  • however, GAS EXCHANGE DOES NOT OCCUR HERE
  • includes all RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES–to CLEANSE, WARM + HUMIDIFY AIR

RESPIRATORY ZONE:

  • the ACTUAL SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
  • includes MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES; RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLAR DUCTS, ALVEOLI
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7
Q

describe the NOSE

A
  • has a SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORK OF BONE AND HYALINE CARTILAGE
  • BONEY FRAMEWORK; composed of the FRONTAL, NASAL, and MAXILLAE BONES
  • helps with the PRODUCTION OF MUCUS, FILTERS + WARMS incoming air
  • has RECEPTORS for SENSE OF SMELL
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8
Q

describe the NASAL CAVITY

A
  • cavity is DIVIDED through its MIDLINE; this is known as the NASAL SEPTUM
    (made up of SEPTAL CARTILAGE)

has POSTERIOR NASAL APERTURES;
this is just the OPENING to where the cavity turns into the NASOPHARYNX

has the NASAL VESTIBULE;
lined with VIBRISSAE (nose hairs) - acts as a FILTER

has the NASAL CONCHAE;
helps with INCREASING MUCOSAL AREA + AIR TURBULENCE (has THREE; SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, and INFERIOR)

(also has NASAL MEATUS–grooves that are INFERIOR to each CONCHA)

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9
Q

definition of ANOSMIA

A

the LOSS OF SMELL

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10
Q

describe the OLFACTORY MUCOSA

A
  • contains the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
  • contains the OLFACTORY NERVE; carries SENSORY INFO for the SENSE OF SMELL
    (passes the FORAMEN OF THE CRIBIFORM PLATE)
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11
Q

describe RESPIRATORY MUCOSA

A

made up of PSUEDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

  • found in the RESPIRATORY TRACT
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12
Q

describe SEROMUCOUS NASAL GLANDS/SEROUS CELLS

A
  • made from MUCUS and SEROUS SECRETIONS
  • contains LYSOZYMES and DEFENSINS
  • helps for PROTECTION against PATHOGENS
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13
Q

what is the BLOOD SUPPLY and NERVE SUPPLY of the NASAL CAVITY

A

BLOOD SUPPLY:

  • receives blood from both the INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES
  • helps to CHANGE HUMIDITY AND TEMP FOR AIR

NERVE SUPPLY:

  • the TRIGEMINAL NERVE
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14
Q

definition of EPITAXIS

A

nosebleed; often seen in ANTERIOR THIRD OF NASAL CAVITY

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15
Q

describe the PARANASAL SINUSES

A
  • formation of RINGS around the NASAL CAVITIES
  • seen within FRONTAL, SPHENOID, ETHMOID, AND MAXILLARY BONES

FUNCTIONS:

  • helps to LIGHTEN THE SKULL
  • helps with the SECRETION OF MUCUS
  • helps to WARM AND MOISTEN AIR
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16
Q

definition of RHINITIS

A

the INFLAMMATION OF THE NASAL MUCOSA

**important to note the NASAL MUCOSA is CONT. with MUCOSA OF RESPIRATORY TRACT (can lead into the nose, throat, and the chest)

  • allows for the spread into PARANASAL SINUSES > BLOCKAGE of SINUS PATHWAYS
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17
Q

describe the PHARYNX

A
  • type of FUNNEL-SHAPED MUSCULAR TUBE
  • connects with the NASAL CAVITY + MOUTH to the LARYNX + ESOPHAGUS
  • a specific PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR + PASSAGE FOR FOOD
  • HOUSES THE TONSILS
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18
Q

what are the THREE REGIONS OF THE PHARYNX?

A
  • NASOPHARYNX
  • OROPHARYNX
  • LARYNGOPHARYNX
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19
Q

describe the NASOPHARYNX

A

NASOPHARYNX:

  • the AIR PASSAGEWAY that is POSTERIOR to the NASAL CAVITY

LINING:

  • made up of PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
  • has CILIA and GOBLET CELLS

FUNCTIONS:

  • allows for the SOFT PALATE and UVULA to CLOSE THE NASOPHARYNX during SWALLOWING
  • allows to be PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR
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20
Q

describe the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC (AUDITORY) TUBE

A

specific tube that helps to DRAIN and EQUALIZE PRESSURE within the MIDDLE EAR

  • is OPEN INTO LATERAL WALLS
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21
Q

describe the ORPHARYNX–and specfic anatomy

A

OROPHARYNX:

  • the PASSAGEWAY FOR FOOD AND AIR from the LEVEL OF SOFT PALATE to the EPIGLOTTIS

LINING:

  • made up of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

SPECIFIC ANATOMY (3):

ISTHMUS OF FACUES
- the opening to the ORAL CAVITY
PALATINE TONSILS
LINGUAL TONSILS

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22
Q

describe the LARYNGOPHARYNX

A

LARYNGOPHARYNX:

  • the PASSAGEWAY FOR FOOD and AIR

LINING:

made up of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

ANATOMY:

  • is POSTERIOR to UPRIGHT EPIGLOTTIS
  • begins to EXTEND into the LARYNX and is CONT. with the ESOPHAGUS
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23
Q

definition of ADENOIDITIS

A
  • the cause of INFECTED and SWOLLEN ADENOIDS
  • can begin to BLOCK AIR PASSAGES into the NASOPHARYNX–start of BREATHING THROUGH MOUTH (air is NOT PROPERLY MOISTENED, WARMED, and FILTERED
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24
Q
A
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25
what are the STRUCTURES of the LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (4)?
- LARYNX - TRACHEA - BRONCHI - LUNGS again, TWO ZONES -- CONDUCTING ZONE and RESPIRATORY ZONE
26
describe the LARYNX and its FUNCTIONS
LARYNX: - attaches onto the HYOID BONE - begins with opening into LARYNGOPHARYNX -- cont. onto the TRACHEA - around C3 - C6 FUNCTIONS: - a PATENT AIRWAY - gives ROUTES FOR AIR AND FOOD into PROPER CHANNELS - allows for VOICE PRODUCTION--vocal folds
27
describe the CARTILAGES of the LARYNX; which one's are UNPAIRED and PAIRED?
- has an ARRANGEMENT OF NINE CARTILAGES; connected by MEMBRANES and LIGAMENTS SIX IN TOTAL; 3 PAIRED + 3 UNPAIRED 3 PAIRED: - CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE - CORNICULATE CARTILAGE - ARYTENOID CARTILAGE 3 UNPAIRED: - EPIGLOTTIS CARTILAGE - THYROID CARTILAGE - CRICOID CARTILAGE
28
describe the THYROHYOID MEMBRANE
connects the THYROID CARTILAGE to the HYOID BONE
29
describe the CRICOID CARTILAGE
(UNPAIRED CARTILAGE) - forms the INFERIOR WALL OF THE LARYNX - attaches onto the TRACHEA - forms a RING, and is NOT OPEN POSTERIORLY like the THYROID CARTILAGE - allows for AIR PATENCY
30
describe the THYROID CARTILAGE
(UNPAIRED CARTILAGE) - protection of the VOCAL CORDS and surrounding MUSCLES - helps to SUPPORT VOCAL PRODUCTION - houses the LARNGEAL PROMINENCE (ADAM'S APPLE) **men have a BIGGER ADAM'S APPLE due to increased testosterone levels/ BIGGER LARYNX
31
describe the EPIGLOTTIS
(UNPAIRED CARTILAGE) - made up of ELASTIC CARTILAGE - allows for itself to TIP OVER, when the PHARYNX + LARYNX RISE -- sends FOOD INTO ESOPHAGUS - allows for VOCAL CORDS to VIBRATE -- for SOUND PRODUCTION
32
describe the ARTENOID CARTILAGE
- the MOST IMPORTANT of the PAIRED CARTILAGES - supports TENSION on the VOCAL FOLDS
33
describe the CORNICULATE and CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE
CORNICULATE CARTILAGE: - elastic - HORN-SHAPED CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE: - is elastic - CLUB SHAPED both places in the LATERAL and POSTERIOR PORTION of the LARYNX
34
describe the LININGS of the LARYNX
SUPERIOR PORTION: - made up of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM - much more RESILIENT to FOOD, WATER, or TRAUMA etc.. INFERIOR PORTION: - made up of PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM - innervated by VAGUS NERVE
35
describe the TRUE VOCAL CORDS/VOCAL LIGAMENTS
- the FORM CORE of the VOCAL FLODS - contains ELASTIC FIBERS that APPEAR WHITE--due to LACK OF BV
36
describe the VESTIBULAR FOLDS
- known as our FALSE VOCAL CORDS - helps to CLOSE the GLOTTIS during SWALLOWING
37
describe the MOVEMENT of the VOCAL CORDS
- the folds of the MEMBRANOUS TISSUE projects INWARDS from the LARYNX--formation of a SLIT across the GLOTTIS in the THROAT - edges begin to VIBRATE within AIRSTREAM = production of VOICE
38
describe the VALSALVA MANEUVER
where VOCAL CORDS acts as a SPHINCTER to PREVENT AIR PASSAGE
39
describe the TRACHEA/WINDPIPE
- extends from the LARYNX all the way to the PRIMARY BRONCHI - around 3 1/2 - 4 inches long
40
describe the ANNULAR LIGAMENTS OF THE TRACHEA
- has CIRCULAR BANDS of FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE - allows to JOIN the TRACHEAL RINGS TOGETHER - remains OPEN--allows for an OPEN AIRWaY
41
describe the TRACHEALIS MUSCLE
- has SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS--connects the POSTERIOR PART of the CARTILAGE RINGS - contracts when COUGHING = expels any OBJECTS and MUCUS
42
describe the CARINA
- the LAST TRACHEAL CARTILAGE - begins to EXPAND--this is where the TRACHEA branches into the RIGHT and LEFT BRONCHI
43
what are the THREE LAYERS of the TRACHEA and its INNERVATION?
LAYERS: - MUCOSA - SUBMUCOSA - ADVENTITIA INNERVATION: - innervated by the VAGUS NERVE
44
describe the MUCOSA -- trachea
- made up of CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM with GOBLET CELLS - helps to TRAP PARTICLES--use of the CILIARY ESCALATOR to keep LUNGS STERILE
45
describe the SUBMUCOSA
- made up of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with SEROMUCOUS GLANDS - surrounded by around 16-20 C SHAPRED RINGS of HYALINE CARTILAGE
46
describe the ADEVENTITIA
- the OUTERMOST LAYER made up of CONNECTIVE TISSUE - begins to ENCASE the C-SHAPED RINGS
47
describe the CLINICAL CORRELATION in terms of SMOKING
- smoking begins to INHIBIT and DESTROY CILIIA --known as EPITHELIUM METAPLASIA - normal CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM replaced by STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (without proper CILIA -- greater MUCUS ACCUMULATION) - the LOSS OF THE CILIARY ESCALATOR
48
describe the BRONCHI DIVISIONS
TRACHEA: - begins to BRANCH into the BRONCHI; seen at the SUPERIOR BORDER of T7 - branches of RIGHT AND LEFT PRIMARY BRONCHUS; branches into RIGHT AND LEFT LUNGS RIGHT LUNG; 3 LOBES LEFT LUNG; 2 LOBES ** THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES -- the END OF THE CONDUCTING ZONE
49
describe the BRANCHING of the BRONCHIAL TREE
1. TRACHEA 2. MAIN BRONCHI 3. LOBAR BRONCHI 4. SEGMENTAL BRONCHI 5. BRONCHIOLES 6. TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
50
describe the BRONCHI EPITHELIUM TYPE CHANGES
- MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM begins to THIN changes from; 1. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMAR 2. COLUMNAR 3. CUBOIDAL *within the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES ANATOMY CHANGES: - decrease of CILIA and MUCUS PRODUCING CELLS - increase of SMOOTH MUSCLE - increases as PASSAGEWAYS BECOME SMALLER
51
describe the PATHWAY of the RESPIRATORY ZONE
PATHWAY: 1. RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES 2. ALVEOLAR DUCTS 3. ALVEOLAR SACS 4. ALVEOLI (have around 300 MILLION ALVEOLI--makes up most of our LUNG VOLUME) **the SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
52
describe the ALVEOLI
- SAC-LIKE STRUCTURES - have over 700 MILLION ALVEOLI - allows for GAS EXCHANGE through SIMPLE DIFFUSION--membranes are EXTREMELY THIN (ONE CELL THIN) within the
53
describe the TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS
- known as SQUAMOUS PULMONARY EPITHELIAL CELLS - lining as SIMPLE SQUAMOUS - the MAIN SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
54
describe the TYPE II CELLS (SEPTAL CELLS)
- found between TYPE I - is CUBOIDAL
55
describe the TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS
- secretion of SURFACTANT - made up of PHOSPHOLIPIDS + LIPOPROTEINS - keeps the LUNGS INFLATED
56
function of ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
- keeps the ALVEOLI STERILE
57
describe the GROSS ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS
- occupies all of the THORACIC CAVITY (except for the MEDIASTINUM) - lungs are OVERBUILT--has a TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF VOLUME - a DOUBLE LAYERED ORGAN--the SERIS + VISCERAL
58
what are the STRUCTURES of the LUNGS
APEX: the SUPERIOR TIP - DEEP TO THE CLAVICLE BASE: the INFERIOR SURFACE that RESTS on the DIAPHRAGM all surrounded by the PLEURAE
59
function of HILUM
- found on the MEDIASTINUAL SURFACE - the SITE for the ENTRY/EXIT of the BLOOD VESSELS, BRONCHI, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and NERVES
60
describe the LEFT LUNG'S ANATOMY
- separated into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR LOBES by the OBLIQUE FISSURE
61
describe the RIGHT LUNG'S ANATOMY
- has the SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, and INFERIOR LOBES - all SEPARATED by OBLIQUE + HORIZONTAL FISSURES
62
define PNEUMOTHORAX + HEMOTHORAX + ATELECTASIS
PNEUMOTHORAX: - air is COMING INTO the THORACIC REGION HEMOTHORAX: - have BLOOD ACCUMULATION within the THORACIC CAVITY--often due to TRAUMA ATELECTASIS: - condition is where ALVEOLI IS DEFLATED - often due to POST-SURGICAL ATELECTASIS
63
describe the PULMONARY CIRCULATION within the LUNGS
PULMONARY ARTERIES: - delivery of SYSTEMIC VENOUS BLOOD to the LUNGS for OXYGENATION - branches PROFUSELY into the PULMONARY CAPILLARY NETWORKS PULMONARY VEINS: - carries OXYGENATED BLOOD from the RESPIRATORY ZONES to the HEART
64
describe BRONCHIAL CIRCULATION
BRONCHIAL ARTERIES: - supplies all LUNG TISSUE except the ALVEOLI (due to them having their OWN CAPILLARY NETWORK) BRONCHIAL VEINS: - carries MOST VENOUS BLOOD BACK into the HEART - combines with the PULOMONARY VEINS > drains into AZYGOS VEIN > THORACIC CAVITY
65
define the PLEURAE
a THIN DOUBLE LAYERED SEROUSAL MEMBRANE - divides the THORACIC CAVITY into TWO PLEURAL COMPARTMENTS and the MEDIASTINUM
66
define the PLEURAL FLUID
- fills the SLITLIKE PLEURAL CAVITY that is BETWEEN the TWO PLEURAE - GIVES LUBRICATION and SURFACE TENSION - allows for GREATER EXPANSION and RECOIL AROUND THE LUNGS
67
defintion of PLEURISY
the INFLAMMATION OF PLEURAE - can OFTEN CAUSE PNEUMONIA - turns ROUGH and risks FRICTION during BREATHS (can cause feeling of SHARP PAIN) - see and produces EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF FLUID

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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