The Respiratory System Part 1 Flashcards
what are the MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
- aids in OXYGEN SUPPLY to the BODY during the PROCESS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- removal of CO2–the WASTE PRODUCT OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- important for OLFACTION and SPEECH
- related to CIRCULATORY SYSTEM and the CARDIOVAS. helps with the TRANSPORTATION OF GASES
what are the FOUR PROCESSES OF RESPIRATION?
- PULMONARY VENTILATION (BREATHING)
- part of RESPIRATORY SYS–just the ACTUAL MOVEMENT of AIR IN and OUT of the LUNGS
- EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
- part of RESPIRATORY SYS–the EXCHANGE between O2 & CO2 between the LUNGS AND THE BLOOD
- TRANSPORT
- part of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM–seeing O2 & CO2 within the BLOOD
- INTERNAL RESPIRATION
- part of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM–the EXCHANGE of O2 and CO2 between BV & TISSUES
what are the MAJOR ORGAN DIVISIONS of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
- UPPER RESPIRATORY
- LOWER RESPIRATORY
what are the MAJOR UPPER RESPIRATORY ORGANS?
- NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY
- PARANASAL SINUSES
- PHARYNX
- LARYNX
the VOCAL FOLDS are the DIVIDING LINE that divides both UPPER AND LOWER TRACTS
what are the MAJOR LOWER RESPIRATORY ORGANS?
- TRACHEA
- BRONCHI and BRANCHES
- LUNGS & ALVEOLI
describe the TWO MAJOR ZONES in terms of the the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM’S FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
CONDUCTING ZONE:
- has the SPECIFIC CONDUITS TO GAS EXCHANGE SITES–acts as a PIPELINE
- however, GAS EXCHANGE DOES NOT OCCUR HERE
- includes all RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES–to CLEANSE, WARM + HUMIDIFY AIR
RESPIRATORY ZONE:
- the ACTUAL SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
- includes MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES; RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLAR DUCTS, ALVEOLI
describe the NOSE
- has a SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORK OF BONE AND HYALINE CARTILAGE
- BONEY FRAMEWORK; composed of the FRONTAL, NASAL, and MAXILLAE BONES
- helps with the PRODUCTION OF MUCUS, FILTERS + WARMS incoming air
- has RECEPTORS for SENSE OF SMELL
describe the NASAL CAVITY
- cavity is DIVIDED through its MIDLINE; this is known as the NASAL SEPTUM
(made up of SEPTAL CARTILAGE)
has POSTERIOR NASAL APERTURES;
this is just the OPENING to where the cavity turns into the NASOPHARYNX
has the NASAL VESTIBULE;
lined with VIBRISSAE (nose hairs) - acts as a FILTER
has the NASAL CONCHAE;
helps with INCREASING MUCOSAL AREA + AIR TURBULENCE (has THREE; SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, and INFERIOR)
(also has NASAL MEATUS–grooves that are INFERIOR to each CONCHA)
definition of ANOSMIA
the LOSS OF SMELL
describe the OLFACTORY MUCOSA
- contains the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
- contains the OLFACTORY NERVE; carries SENSORY INFO for the SENSE OF SMELL
(passes the FORAMEN OF THE CRIBIFORM PLATE)
describe RESPIRATORY MUCOSA
made up of PSUEDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- found in the RESPIRATORY TRACT
describe SEROMUCOUS NASAL GLANDS/SEROUS CELLS
- made from MUCUS and SEROUS SECRETIONS
- contains LYSOZYMES and DEFENSINS
- helps for PROTECTION against PATHOGENS
what is the BLOOD SUPPLY and NERVE SUPPLY of the NASAL CAVITY
BLOOD SUPPLY:
- receives blood from both the INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES
- helps to CHANGE HUMIDITY AND TEMP FOR AIR
NERVE SUPPLY:
- the TRIGEMINAL NERVE
definition of EPITAXIS
nosebleed; often seen in ANTERIOR THIRD OF NASAL CAVITY
describe the PARANASAL SINUSES
- formation of RINGS around the NASAL CAVITIES
- seen within FRONTAL, SPHENOID, ETHMOID, AND MAXILLARY BONES
FUNCTIONS:
- helps to LIGHTEN THE SKULL
- helps with the SECRETION OF MUCUS
- helps to WARM AND MOISTEN AIR
definition of RHINITIS
the INFLAMMATION OF THE NASAL MUCOSA
**important to note the NASAL MUCOSA is CONT. with MUCOSA OF RESPIRATORY TRACT (can lead into the nose, throat, and the chest)
- allows for the spread into PARANASAL SINUSES > BLOCKAGE of SINUS PATHWAYS
describe the PHARYNX
- type of FUNNEL-SHAPED MUSCULAR TUBE
- connects with the NASAL CAVITY + MOUTH to the LARYNX + ESOPHAGUS
- a specific PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR + PASSAGE FOR FOOD
- HOUSES THE TONSILS
what are the THREE REGIONS OF THE PHARYNX?
- NASOPHARYNX
- OROPHARYNX
- LARYNGOPHARYNX
describe the NASOPHARYNX
NASOPHARYNX:
- the AIR PASSAGEWAY that is POSTERIOR to the NASAL CAVITY
LINING:
- made up of PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- has CILIA and GOBLET CELLS
FUNCTIONS:
- allows for the SOFT PALATE and UVULA to CLOSE THE NASOPHARYNX during SWALLOWING
- allows to be PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR
describe the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC (AUDITORY) TUBE
specific tube that helps to DRAIN and EQUALIZE PRESSURE within the MIDDLE EAR
- is OPEN INTO LATERAL WALLS
describe the ORPHARYNX–and specfic anatomy
OROPHARYNX:
- the PASSAGEWAY FOR FOOD AND AIR from the LEVEL OF SOFT PALATE to the EPIGLOTTIS
LINING:
- made up of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
SPECIFIC ANATOMY (3):
ISTHMUS OF FACUES
- the opening to the ORAL CAVITY
PALATINE TONSILS
LINGUAL TONSILS
describe the LARYNGOPHARYNX
LARYNGOPHARYNX:
- the PASSAGEWAY FOR FOOD and AIR
LINING:
made up of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
ANATOMY:
- is POSTERIOR to UPRIGHT EPIGLOTTIS
- begins to EXTEND into the LARYNX and is CONT. with the ESOPHAGUS
definition of ADENOIDITIS
- the cause of INFECTED and SWOLLEN ADENOIDS
- can begin to BLOCK AIR PASSAGES into the NASOPHARYNX–start of BREATHING THROUGH MOUTH (air is NOT PROPERLY MOISTENED, WARMED, and FILTERED
what are the STRUCTURES of the LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (4)?
- LARYNX
- TRACHEA
- BRONCHI
- LUNGS
again, TWO ZONES – CONDUCTING ZONE and RESPIRATORY ZONE
describe the LARYNX and its FUNCTIONS
LARYNX:
- attaches onto the HYOID BONE
- begins with opening into LARYNGOPHARYNX – cont. onto the TRACHEA
- around C3 - C6
FUNCTIONS:
- a PATENT AIRWAY
- gives ROUTES FOR AIR AND FOOD into PROPER CHANNELS
- allows for VOICE PRODUCTION–vocal folds
describe the CARTILAGES of the LARYNX; which one’s are UNPAIRED and PAIRED?
- has an ARRANGEMENT OF NINE CARTILAGES; connected by MEMBRANES and LIGAMENTS
SIX IN TOTAL; 3 PAIRED + 3 UNPAIRED
3 PAIRED:
- CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE
- CORNICULATE CARTILAGE
- ARYTENOID CARTILAGE
3 UNPAIRED:
- EPIGLOTTIS CARTILAGE
- THYROID CARTILAGE
- CRICOID CARTILAGE
describe the THYROHYOID MEMBRANE
connects the THYROID CARTILAGE to the HYOID BONE
describe the CRICOID CARTILAGE
(UNPAIRED CARTILAGE)
- forms the INFERIOR WALL OF THE LARYNX
- attaches onto the TRACHEA
- forms a RING, and is NOT OPEN POSTERIORLY like the THYROID CARTILAGE
- allows for AIR PATENCY
describe the THYROID CARTILAGE
(UNPAIRED CARTILAGE)
- protection of the VOCAL CORDS and surrounding MUSCLES
- helps to SUPPORT VOCAL PRODUCTION
- houses the LARNGEAL PROMINENCE (ADAM’S APPLE)
**men have a BIGGER ADAM’S APPLE due to increased testosterone levels/ BIGGER LARYNX
describe the EPIGLOTTIS
(UNPAIRED CARTILAGE)
- made up of ELASTIC CARTILAGE
- allows for itself to TIP OVER, when the PHARYNX + LARYNX RISE – sends FOOD INTO ESOPHAGUS
- allows for VOCAL CORDS to VIBRATE – for SOUND PRODUCTION
describe the ARTENOID CARTILAGE
- the MOST IMPORTANT of the PAIRED CARTILAGES
- supports TENSION on the VOCAL FOLDS
describe the CORNICULATE and CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE
CORNICULATE CARTILAGE:
- elastic
- HORN-SHAPED
CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE:
- is elastic
- CLUB SHAPED
both places in the LATERAL and POSTERIOR PORTION of the LARYNX
describe the LININGS of the LARYNX
SUPERIOR PORTION:
- made up of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- much more RESILIENT to FOOD, WATER, or TRAUMA etc..
INFERIOR PORTION:
- made up of PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- innervated by VAGUS NERVE
describe the TRUE VOCAL CORDS/VOCAL LIGAMENTS
- the FORM CORE of the VOCAL FLODS
- contains ELASTIC FIBERS that APPEAR WHITE–due to LACK OF BV
describe the VESTIBULAR FOLDS
- known as our FALSE VOCAL CORDS
- helps to CLOSE the GLOTTIS during SWALLOWING
describe the MOVEMENT of the VOCAL CORDS
- the folds of the MEMBRANOUS TISSUE projects INWARDS from the LARYNX–formation of a SLIT across the GLOTTIS in the THROAT
- edges begin to VIBRATE within AIRSTREAM = production of VOICE
describe the VALSALVA MANEUVER
where VOCAL CORDS acts as a SPHINCTER to PREVENT AIR PASSAGE
describe the TRACHEA/WINDPIPE
- extends from the LARYNX all the way to the PRIMARY BRONCHI
- around 3 1/2 - 4 inches long
describe the ANNULAR LIGAMENTS OF THE TRACHEA
- has CIRCULAR BANDS of FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- allows to JOIN the TRACHEAL RINGS TOGETHER
- remains OPEN–allows for an OPEN AIRWaY
describe the TRACHEALIS MUSCLE
- has SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS–connects the POSTERIOR PART of the CARTILAGE RINGS
- contracts when COUGHING = expels any OBJECTS and MUCUS
describe the CARINA
- the LAST TRACHEAL CARTILAGE
- begins to EXPAND–this is where the TRACHEA branches into the RIGHT and LEFT BRONCHI
what are the THREE LAYERS of the TRACHEA and its INNERVATION?
LAYERS:
- MUCOSA
- SUBMUCOSA
- ADVENTITIA
INNERVATION:
- innervated by the VAGUS NERVE
describe the MUCOSA – trachea
- made up of CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM with GOBLET CELLS
- helps to TRAP PARTICLES–use of the CILIARY ESCALATOR to keep LUNGS STERILE
describe the SUBMUCOSA
- made up of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with SEROMUCOUS GLANDS
- surrounded by around 16-20 C SHAPRED RINGS of HYALINE CARTILAGE
describe the ADEVENTITIA
- the OUTERMOST LAYER made up of CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- begins to ENCASE the C-SHAPED RINGS
describe the CLINICAL CORRELATION in terms of SMOKING
- smoking begins to INHIBIT and DESTROY CILIIA –known as EPITHELIUM METAPLASIA
- normal CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM replaced by STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (without proper CILIA – greater MUCUS ACCUMULATION)
- the LOSS OF THE CILIARY ESCALATOR
describe the BRONCHI DIVISIONS
TRACHEA:
- begins to BRANCH into the BRONCHI; seen at the SUPERIOR BORDER of T7
- branches of RIGHT AND LEFT PRIMARY BRONCHUS; branches into RIGHT AND LEFT LUNGS
RIGHT LUNG; 3 LOBES
LEFT LUNG; 2 LOBES
** THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES – the END OF THE CONDUCTING ZONE
describe the BRANCHING of the BRONCHIAL TREE
- TRACHEA
- MAIN BRONCHI
- LOBAR BRONCHI
- SEGMENTAL BRONCHI
- BRONCHIOLES
- TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
describe the BRONCHI EPITHELIUM TYPE CHANGES
- MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM begins to THIN changes from;
- PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMAR
- COLUMNAR
- CUBOIDAL
*within the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
ANATOMY CHANGES:
- decrease of CILIA and MUCUS PRODUCING CELLS
- increase of SMOOTH MUSCLE
- increases as PASSAGEWAYS BECOME SMALLER
describe the PATHWAY of the RESPIRATORY ZONE
PATHWAY:
- RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
- ALVEOLAR DUCTS
- ALVEOLAR SACS
- ALVEOLI
(have around 300 MILLION ALVEOLI–makes up most of our LUNG VOLUME)
**the SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
describe the ALVEOLI
- SAC-LIKE STRUCTURES
- have over 700 MILLION ALVEOLI
- allows for GAS EXCHANGE through SIMPLE DIFFUSION–membranes are EXTREMELY THIN (ONE CELL THIN) within the
describe the TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS
- known as SQUAMOUS PULMONARY EPITHELIAL CELLS
- lining as SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
- the MAIN SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
describe the TYPE II CELLS (SEPTAL CELLS)
- found between TYPE I
- is CUBOIDAL
describe the TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS
- secretion of SURFACTANT
- made up of PHOSPHOLIPIDS + LIPOPROTEINS
- keeps the LUNGS INFLATED
function of ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
- keeps the ALVEOLI STERILE
describe the GROSS ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS
- occupies all of the THORACIC CAVITY (except for the MEDIASTINUM)
- lungs are OVERBUILT–has a TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF VOLUME
- a DOUBLE LAYERED ORGAN–the SERIS + VISCERAL
what are the STRUCTURES of the LUNGS
APEX:
the SUPERIOR TIP - DEEP TO THE CLAVICLE
BASE:
the INFERIOR SURFACE that RESTS on the DIAPHRAGM
all surrounded by the PLEURAE
function of HILUM
- found on the MEDIASTINUAL SURFACE
- the SITE for the ENTRY/EXIT of the BLOOD VESSELS, BRONCHI, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and NERVES
describe the LEFT LUNG’S ANATOMY
- separated into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR LOBES by the OBLIQUE FISSURE
describe the RIGHT LUNG’S ANATOMY
- has the SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, and INFERIOR LOBES
- all SEPARATED by OBLIQUE + HORIZONTAL FISSURES
define PNEUMOTHORAX + HEMOTHORAX + ATELECTASIS
PNEUMOTHORAX:
- air is COMING INTO the THORACIC REGION
HEMOTHORAX:
- have BLOOD ACCUMULATION within the THORACIC CAVITY–often due to TRAUMA
ATELECTASIS:
- condition is where ALVEOLI IS DEFLATED
- often due to POST-SURGICAL ATELECTASIS
describe the PULMONARY CIRCULATION within the LUNGS
PULMONARY ARTERIES:
- delivery of SYSTEMIC VENOUS BLOOD to the LUNGS for OXYGENATION
- branches PROFUSELY into the PULMONARY CAPILLARY NETWORKS
PULMONARY VEINS:
- carries OXYGENATED BLOOD from the RESPIRATORY ZONES to the HEART
describe BRONCHIAL CIRCULATION
BRONCHIAL ARTERIES:
- supplies all LUNG TISSUE except the ALVEOLI
(due to them having their OWN CAPILLARY NETWORK)
BRONCHIAL VEINS:
- carries MOST VENOUS BLOOD BACK into the HEART
- combines with the PULOMONARY VEINS > drains into AZYGOS VEIN > THORACIC CAVITY
define the PLEURAE
a THIN DOUBLE LAYERED SEROUSAL MEMBRANE
- divides the THORACIC CAVITY into TWO PLEURAL COMPARTMENTS and the MEDIASTINUM
define the PLEURAL FLUID
- fills the SLITLIKE PLEURAL CAVITY that is BETWEEN the TWO PLEURAE
- GIVES LUBRICATION and SURFACE TENSION
- allows for GREATER EXPANSION and RECOIL AROUND THE LUNGS
defintion of PLEURISY
the INFLAMMATION OF PLEURAE - can OFTEN CAUSE PNEUMONIA
- turns ROUGH and risks FRICTION during BREATHS (can cause feeling of SHARP PAIN)
- see and produces EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF FLUID
