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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Vascular System Part 1 > Flashcards

The Vascular System Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of BLOOD VESSELS

A

the DELIVERY SYSTEM of DYNAMIC STRUCTURES that BEGINS and ENDS at the HEART

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2
Q

definition of ARTERIES

A

blood vessels that carry BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART

  • carries OXYGENATED BLOOD (with the EXCEPTION of PULMONARY and UMBILICAL VESSELS)
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3
Q

definition of ARTERIOLES

A

smaller ARTERIES that ENTER our TISSUE

  • begin to BRANCH OFF to make CAPILLARIES and begins to SUPPLY TISSUE CELLS–serves cellular needs
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4
Q

definition of VENULES

A

small VEINS that come from GROUPS OF CAPILLARIES

  • collects blood from the CAPILLARY
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5
Q

definition of VEINS

A

blood vessels that carry BLOOD BACK to the HEART

  • carries DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
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6
Q

describe the HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE of BLOOD VESSEL WALLS/ what are the 3 TUNICS of our BLOOD VESSEL WALLS?

A

WALL LAYERS/TUNICS:

  • TUNICA INTIMA
  • TUNICA MEDIA
  • TUNICA EXTERNA
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7
Q

describe the TUNICA INTIMA

A
  • includes the ENDOTHELIUM
  • begins to LINE THE LUMEN–moves simultaneously to the ENDOCARDIUM
  • has an INTERNAL ELASTIC TISSUE
  • has the SUBENDOTHELIAL LAYER–has CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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8
Q

describe the TUNICA MEDIA

A
  • contains SMOOTH MUSCLE and ELASTIC FIBERS/ELASTIN –makes our vessels STRETCHY
  • controls VASOCONSTRICTION and VASODILATION begins to INFLUENCE B
  • has an EXTERNAL ELASTIC MEMBRANE
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9
Q

describe TUNICA EXTERNA

A
  • composed of ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • contains COLLAGEN FIBERS–very important for ANCHORING and PROTECTION
  • contains LYMPHATIC VESSELS
  • contains the VASO VASORUM
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10
Q

describe the VASO VASORUM

A
  • often is a PART OF ALL LARGE VESSELS
  • begins to NOURISH EXTERNAL VESSELS–helps with SUPPLYING NUTRIENTS and REMOVES WASTE
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11
Q

describe the LUMEN

A

the area where blood passes through

  • helps with the transportation of blood; a certain CAVITY
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12
Q

what are the THREE DIVISIONS of ARTERIES?

A
  • have THREE DIVISIONS for ARTERIES–all based on SIZE AND FUNCTION
  1. ELASTIC ARTERIES
  2. MUSCULAR ARTERIES
  3. ARTERIOLES
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13
Q

describe ELASTIC ARTERIES/CONDUCTING ARTERIES

A
  • thick walled with LARGE LOW-RESISTANCE LUMEN
  • often known as CONDUCTING ARTERIES–ex. the AORTA and other MAJOR BRANCHES
  • important for CONDUCTING BLOOD–transports from HEART to MEDIUM-SIZED VESSELS
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14
Q

describe the SIGNIFICANCE of ELASTIN

A
  • protein that is found in ALL THREE TUNICS (most in TUNICA MEDIA)
  • contains SUBSTANTIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE (this is INACTIVE in VASOCONSTRICTION)
  • acts as specific PRESSURE RESERVOIRS
  • begins to ABSORB PRESSURE for minimization as blood MOVES DOWNSTREAM
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15
Q

describe the MUSCULAR ARTERIES

A
  • rose from origin of ELASTIC ARTERIES
  • also known as DISTRIBUTING ARTERIES–begins to DELIVER BLOOD TO BODY ORGANS
  • has a broad range of DIAMETER; can be size of as pinky to a pencil
  • they have the THICKEST TUNICA MEDIA–sandwiched between ELASTIC MEMBRANES
  • have greater amount of ELASTIC TISSUE
  • ACTIVE IN VASOCONSTRICTION–helps with MAINTAINING VESSEL PRESSURE
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16
Q

describe ARTERIOLES

A
  • the SMALLEST OF ALL ARTERIES
  • known as RESISTANCE ARTERIES–changing of DIAMETERS begins to have CHANGES OF RESISTANCE to BLOOD FLOW
  • have a controlled flow into CAPILLARY BEDS (via VASO DILATION) and the VASOCONSTRICTION of SMOOTH MUSCLE
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17
Q

what is the DIFFERENCE between LARGE and SMALL ARTERIOLES? what is the METARTERIOLE?

A

LARGE ARTERIOLES:

  • contains all THREE TUNICS

SMALLER ARTERIOLES:

  • contains only a SINGLE LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE that begins to SURROUND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

METARTERIOLE:

  • the VERY END of the CAPILLARIES
  • the GAS EXCHANGE SITE
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18
Q

definition of CAPILLARIES

A
  • provides access to ALMOST EVERY CELL and ALMOST ALL TISSUES
  • exceptions: CARTILAGE, EPITHELIA, CORNEA, and EYE LENS
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19
Q

what are PERICYTES?

A

spider-shaped STEM CELLS that help

  • stabilizes CAPILLARY CELLS
  • controls PERMEABILITY
  • plays a role in VESSEL REPAIR
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20
Q

what is the FUNCTION OF CAPILLARIES?

A
  • helps with the exchange of GASES + NUTRIENTS + WASTES + HORMONES between blood and interstitial fluid–known as VASOMOTION (just means INTERMITTENT CONTRACTION and RELAXATION)
  • released by ENDOTHELIAL CELLS–NITRIC OXIDE
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21
Q

what are our 3 TYPES OF CAPILLARIES?

A
  • CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
  • FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES
  • SINUSOID CAPILLARIES
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22
Q

describe CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES

A
  • found ALL OVER THE BODY (within SKIN, MUSCLES, LUNGS, and CNS)
  • quite UNIQUE to see in BRAIN–have own BRAIN CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS in formation of BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
  • often have associated PERICYTES and PINOCYTOTIC VESICLES
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23
Q

describe FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES

A
  • has typical LARGE FENESTRATIONS or aka PORES that aid in INCREASING PERMEABILITY
  • often seen in AREAS OF ACTIVE FILTRATION (ex. the KIDNEYS), areas of ACTIVE ABSORPTION (ex. the SMALL INTEST), and AREAS OF ACTIVE SECRETION (ex. the ENDOCRINE GLANDS)
  • can also be seen in the DIGESTIVE TRACT–have a greater number of FENESTRATIONS (due to ACTIVE ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS)
  • FENESTRATIONS have a THIN DIAPHRAGM made up of GLYCOPROTEINS
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24
Q

describe SINUSOID CAPILLARIES

A
  • often seen in LIVER, BONE MARROW, SPLEEN, and the ADRENAL MEDULLA
  • have LARGER INTRACELLULAR CLEFTS and FEW TIGHT JUNCTIONS
  • larger clefts allow for LARGER MOLECULES and CELLS to PASS THROUGH–slower process of blood entering
  • have INCOMPLETE BASEMENT MEMBRANES
  • are IRREGULARLY SHAPED and have LARGE LUMENS
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25
Q

definition of CAPILLARY BED

A
  • the NETWORK OF CAPILLARIES within a TISSUE
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26
Q

definition of PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTERS

A

sphincters that allow for BLOOD FLOW through TRUE CAPILLARIES–where GAS EXCHANGE IS HAPPENING)

  • can OPEN AND CLOSE in regulation of BLOOD FLOW
27
Q

definition of THOROUGHFARE CHANNEL

A
  • gets blood from TRUE CAPILLARIES–connects the METAARTERIOLE to a VENULE
  • all regulated by LOCAL CHEMICAL CONDITIONS and VASOMOTOR NERVES
28
Q

what is another name for VEINS?

A

also known as CAPACITANCE VESSELS (blood reservoirs)

  • responsible for containing of around 65% - 70% of BLOOD SUPPLY
  • have specific VALVES–helps to PREVENT BACKFLOW
  • often seen in LEGS and LOWER EXTREMITIES
29
Q

describe the CLINICAL CONDITION of VARICOSE VEINS

A

specific LEAFLETS OF VALVES–can no longer meet properly:

this is known as VALVULAR INCOMPETETENCE

  • allows BLOOD TO FLOW BACKWARDS & enlarge even more
  • also known as SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF LEGS (high pressure while standing)
30
Q

describe the clinical condition of DVT (Deep Venous Thrombosis)

A

the formation of a BLOOD CLOT (THROMBUS) within a DEEP VEIN

  • type of MEDICAL EMERGENCY

symptoms:

  • PAIN
  • SWELLING
  • REDNESS/WARMNESS
31
Q

what are the PORTIONS OF BLOOD DISTRIBUTION?

A
  • SYSTEMIC VEINS & VENULES (60%)
  • SYSTEMIC ARTERIES + ARTERIOLES (15%)
  • PULMONARY BLOOD VESSELS (12%)
  • HEART (8%)
  • CAPILLARIES (5%)

**DURING REST–the largest portion of blood is in the SYSTEMIC VEINS + VENULES

32
Q

definition of BLOOD FLOW

A

the VOLUME OF BLOOD FLOWING through the VESSEL, ORGAN, or the ENTIRE CIRCULATION in the given period

  • measured as mL/min
  • equivalent to CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO) for the ENTIRE VASCULAR SYSTEM
  • relatively constant AT REST
33
Q

what are the specific CALCULATIONS to calculate BLOOD FLOW

A

HR x SV (around 5.5 mL)

EDV - ESV = SV

  • the HIGHER THE BP, the GREATER THE BLOOD FLOW
34
Q

definition of RESISTANCE (PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE)

A

the OPPOSITION to blood flow due to the FRICTION BETWEEN BLOOD and the WALLS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS

35
Q

what are the RESISTANCE DETERMINANTS?

A
  1. BLOOD VESSEL DIAMETER
    (the GREATEST INFLUENCER of RESISTANCE)
  2. BLOOD VISCOSITY
    (the STICKINESS or THICKNESS OF BLOOD)
  3. TOTAL BLOOD VESSEL LENGTH
    (longer the vessel–the greater the RESISTANCE)
36
Q

definition of BLOOD PRESSURE (BP)

A

the contraction of the VENTRICLES TO generate BP

  • the observation of HIGHER PRESSURE AREAS to LOWER PRESSURE AREAS
37
Q

what are the BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINANTS?

A
  • CO
  • BLOOD VOLUME
  • VASCULAR RESISTANCE
  • the HIGHER THE BP, the GREATER THE BLOOD FLOW
  • need cooperation between the HEART, BV, and the KIDNEYS
38
Q

describe the RELATIONSHIPS between BLOOD FLOW and BP + RESISTANCE

A
  1. BF is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to BP
  • if (BP) INCREASES, BF will INCREASE
  1. BF is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO R
  • if (R) INCREASES, BF will DECREASE

**RESISTANCE is more significant in terms of influencing local blood flow–can be changed through ALTERING BV DIAMETER

39
Q

definitions of SYSTOLIC and DIASTOLIC PRESSURES

A

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE:

  • the pressure exerted in the AORTA (during VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION)
  • where LV pumps blood into aorta–creation of KINETIC ENERGY that begins to STRETCH THE AORTA
  • around avg. 120 mm Hg within normal adult

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE:

  • the LOWEST LEVEL OF AORTIC PRESSURE when the HEART IS AT REST
  • around avg. 80 mm Hg
40
Q

definition of MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE (MAP)

A
  • pressure that PROPELS BLOOD to the TISSUES
  • the pulse pressure begins to PHASE OUT at the NEAR END of the ARTERIAL TREE
  • FLOW IS NONPULSATILE (STEADY MAP PRESSURE)
41
Q

describe CAPILLARY BLOOD PRESSURE, and what is often most desirable?

A
  • most often desired would be LOW CAPILLARY PRESSURE
  • if one has HIGH BP–can see RUPTURING in the FRAGILE and THIN-WALLED CAPILLARIES
  • with more LOW PRESSURE FORCES: ensures proper filtration into the INTERSTITIAL SPACES (greater permeability)
42
Q

what are the SPECIFIC FACTORS that AID IN VENOUS RETURN?

A

(VENOUS RETURN–often around 13 mm Hg, due to PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE)

  1. MUSCULAR PUMP
  • the contraction of SKELETAL MUSCLES that begins to “MILK” the BLOOD BACK INTO THE HEART
  • has VALVES to prevent BACKFLOW
  1. RESPIRATORY PUMP
  • pressure that changes during BREATHING, moves the BLOOD TOWARD THE HEART (squeezes abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand)
  1. SYMPATHETIC VENOCONTRICTION
  • sympathetic control; the SMOOTH MUSCLES CONSTRICT (pushes the BLOOD BACK TOWARDS THE HEART)
43
Q

what relationship does MAP have with CO + PR?

A

each factor has a DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP

  • changes in ONE VARIABLE can QUICKLY COMPENSATE for CHANGES in other variables
44
Q

what are the SHORT-TERM/LONG-TERM MECHANISMS of regulating BP?

A

SHORT TERM MECHANISMS:

  • oftern are responsible for regulating BV DIAMETER, HR, and CONTRACTILITY
  1. NEURAL (SHORT-TERM RAPID)
  2. HORMONAL (SHORT-TERM INTERMEDIATE)

LONG-TERM MECHANISMS

  • often help to REGULATE BLOOD VOLUME
  1. RENAL (LONG-TERM)
45
Q

describe NEURAL CONTROLS in terms as a SHORT-TERM MECHANISM

A

operates via REFLEX ARCS

  • have the CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER of the MEDULLA
  • BARORECEPTORS
  • CHEMORECEPTORS
  • HIGHER BRAIN CENTERS
46
Q

describe the FUNCTION of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A
  • contains a CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER
  • helps with regulating HR, CONTRACTILITY, and BV DIAMETER
  • usage of the SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS of the ANS
47
Q

describe BARORECEPTORS and their FUNCTION

A
  • found in our CAROTIDS
  • specific important PRESSURE-SENSITIVE SENSORY NEURONS that help with MONITORING the STRETCHING OF THE WALLS OF BV and the ATRIA
48
Q

what happens if we have a DECREASE IN BP?

A
  • ARTERIOLAR VASODILATION
  • VENODILATION
  • DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT (through the VAGUS NERVE)
49
Q

describe CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEXES

A

reflexes that respond to CHEMICALS

  • the AORTIC ARCH and the LARGE ARTERIES of the NECK begin to DETECT INCREASES in CO2 or any DROPS in pH/O2

INCREASED BP:

  • the signaling of the CARDIOACCELEATORY CENTER to INCREASE CO
  • the signaling of the VASOMOTOR CENTER to INCREASE VASOCONSTRICTION
50
Q

describe the LONG TERM MECHANISM: RENAL REGULATION

A

KIDNEYS:

  • plays with the ALTERING OF BLOOD VOLUME–regulated through the KIDNEYS
  • has a DIRECT RENAL MECHANISM and INDIRECT RENAL MECHANISM
51
Q

describe the DIRECT RENAL MECHANISM

A
  • NO HORMONES USED
  • MORE URINE REMOVED (reduced BP)
52
Q

describe the INDIRECT RENAL MECHANISM

A
  • works through the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE
  • have the release of ANGIOTENSINOGEN from the LIVER
  • converted into ANGIOTENSIN II through ACE

ANGIOTENSIN II:

  • helps to INCREASE BV–has greater amounts of ALDOSTERONE RELEASED)
  • important for SODIUM REABSORPTION
53
Q

describe HYPERTENSION and HYPOTENSION

A

HYPERTENSION:

  • a SUSTAINED and ELEVATED ARTERIAL PRESSURE of 140.90 mm Hg or HIGHER

PREHYPERTENSION:

  • the VALUES are ELEVATED; not in hypertensive range
  • anything slightly over 120/80
  • can be due to fever, physical exertion or upset / seen more in obese people

HYPOTENSION:

  • LOW BLOOD PRESSURE; below 90/60 mm Hg
  • not a typical concern; unless it causes INADEQUATE BLOOD FLOW to TISSUES
54
Q

describe the DYNAMICS of CAPILLARY EXCHANGE.

A

have aspects of PRESSURE DYNAMICS TO CONSIDER

  • BLOOD HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (BHP)
  • INTERSTITIAL FLUID HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (IFHP)
  • BLOOD COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE (BCOP)
  • INTERSTITIAL FLUID OSMOTIC PRESSURE (IFOP)
  • NET FILTRATION PRESSURE (NFP)
55
Q

definition of BHP - blood hydrostatic pressure

A
  • the PROMOTION OF FILTRATION
  • pressure generated from the PUMPING ACTION OF THE HEART
  • often equivalent to what we know as BLOOD PRESSURE
  • **WILL ALWAYS BE HIGHER ON THE ARTERIAL SIDE vs. the VENOUS SIDE
    (pressure is PUSHING BLOOD OUT TO FILTRATE)
  • **BLOOD ALWAYS has a HIGHER OSMOTIC PRESSURE vs. INTERSTITIAL TISSUE
    (OSMOTIC PRESSURE is ALWAYS CONSTANT IN THE CAPILLARIES)
56
Q

definition of INTERSTITIAL FLUID HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

A
  • promotion of REABSORPTION
57
Q

definition of BCOP - BLOOD COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE

A
  • promotion of REABSORPTION
  • exerted by PROTEINS–ALBUMIN within the BLOOD, which pulls WATER into the CIRCULATORY SYS
  • the OPPOSING FORCE to BHP
58
Q

definition of IFOP - INTERSTITIAL FLUID OSMOTIC PRESSURE

A
  • promotes FILTRATION
  • forces FLUID AND SOLUTES to LEAVE THE CAPILLARIES to move into the IF
59
Q

definition of NFP - NET FILTRATION PRESSURE

A

the balance of pressures BETWEEN THE ARTERIAL and VENOUS ENDS

60
Q

describe the DYNAMICS of CAPILLARY EXCHANGE; ARTERIAL and VENOUS ENDS

A

ARTERIAL END:

  • see that CAPILLARY PRESSURE is HIGHER THAN INTERSTITIAL FLUID PRESSURE

VENOUS END:

  • CAPILLARY PLASMA COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE is now LOWER THAN INTERSTITIAL FLUID PRESSURE
  • causes REABSORPTION
61
Q

what are the specific FORCES that DETERMINE FLUID MOVEMENT within the CAPILLARY MEMBRANE?

A
  • CAPILLARY PRESSURE
  • INTERSTITIAL FLUID PRESSURE
  • PLASMA COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE
  • INTERSTITIAL FLUID COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE

STARLING’S LAW OF THE CAPILLARIES
NFP = (BHP + IFOP) – (BCOP+ IFHP)

  • this is where we have EQUILIBRIUM
62
Q

definition of EDEMA

A
  • an ABNORMAL INCREASE in the AMOUNT of INTERSTITIAL FLUID
  • often caused due to an INCREASE IN OUTWARDS PRESSURE or DECREASE IN INWARD PRESSURE
63
Q

describe the effects of various INCREASES and DECREASES in PRESSURE – affecting EDEMA

A

INCREASE: CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE:

  • acceleration of FLUID LOSS from BLOOD
  • can have HIGH BV, incompetent VENOUS VALVES, and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

INCREASE: INTERSTITIAL FLUID OSMOTIC PRESSURE:

  • can result from INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

DECREASE: CAPILLARY COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE

  • HINDERS FLUID RETURN to the BLOO
  • can be caused by HYPOPROTEININEMIA

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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