The Respiratory System Part 2 Flashcards
what are the THREE STEPS OF PULMONARY VENTILATION?
- PULOMNARY VENTILATION: BREATHING
- EXTERNAL (PULMONARY) VENTILATION
- INTERNAL (TISSUE) VENTILATION
define PULMONARY VENTILATION: BREATHING
- process of INHALATION (INFLOW) + EXHALATION (OUTFLOW)
- have AIR EXCHANGE between the AIR and the ALVEOLI
define EXTERNAL (PULMONARY) VENTILATION
- the EXCHANGE OF GASES between the ALVEOLI and BLOOD within the PULMONARY CAPILLARIES
- BLOOD CAPILLARIES; begin to GAIN OXYGEN and LOSE CO2
define INTERNAL (TISSUE) VENTILATION
- the EXCHANGE OF GASES between the BLOOD within the SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES and TISSUE CELLS
- BLOOD: the LOSS OF OXYGEN and GAIN OF CO2
- see METABOLIC REACTIONS OCCUR (ATP USED)
describe the relationship of MECHANICAL PROCESSES that DEPEND on VOLUME CHANGES within the THORACIC CAVITY
** VOLUME CHANGES = PRESSURE CHANGES
** PRESSURE CHANGES = GASES FLOW in order to EQUALIZE the SAID PRESSURE
describe INHALATION
- DIAPHRAGM is CONTRACTING
- CHEST EXPANSION
- ALVEOLAR PRESSURE DECREASES (less than atm pressure)
describe EXHALATION
- DIAPHRAGM is RELACING
- CHEST CONTRACTION
- ALVEOLAR PRESSURE INCREASES (greater than atm pressure)
definition of ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (PATM)
- the PRESSURE exerted by the AIR SURROUNDING THE BODY
- typically 760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atm
what are the RESPIRATORY PRESSURES?
**important to note; all are RELATIVE and CORRELATED to our ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES
- NEGATIVE RESPIRATORY PRESSURE = LESS THAN PATM
- POSITIVE RESPIRATORY PRESSURE = GREATER THAN PATM
- ZERO RESPIRATORY PRESSURE = PATM
definition of INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE (PPUL)
- the PRESSURE within the ALVEOLI ITSELF–the PRESSURE within the LUNGS ITSELF
- begins to FLUCTUATE WITH BREATHING
- always begins to eventually EQUALIZE with the Patm
INSPIRATION;
- beceomes LESS THAN PATM
EXPIRATION;
- becomes GREATER THAN PATM
describe INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE (PIP)
- pressure that is WITHIN THE PLEURAL CAVITY
- also begins to FLUCTUATE with BREATHING–dependent on the VENTILATION PHASE
- **is ALWAYS A NEGATIVE PRESSURE (Pip < Patm & Ppul)
what happens if we have a POSITIVE PRESSURE OF PIP?
- can lead to PNEUMOTHORAX (damage and rupturing etc..)
what happens if we have TWO INWARD FORCES of PRESSURE?
leads and promotes LUNG COLLAPSE–have POSITIVE FORCES coming from INSIDE AND OUTSIDE
- have ELASTIC RECOIL OF LUNGS–decrease of LUNG SIZE
- have SURFACE TENSION OF ALVEOLAR FLUID–reduces the ALVEOLAR SIZE
what happens if we have ONE OUTWARD FORCE?
this tends to ENLARGE THE LUNGS due to the ELASTICITY OF THE CHEST WALL–pulls the THORAX OUTWARD
definition of TRANSPULMONARY PRESSURE
the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE and the INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE
- specific PRESSURE that KEEPS AIR SPACE OF LUNGS OPEN and prevention of COLLAPSE
- determines SIZE OF LUNGS
**IF ANYTHING EQUALIZES BOTH PRESSURES = LUNG COLLAPSE
definition of ATELECTASIS
- aka as LUNG COLLAPSE
- see PLUGGED BRONCHIOLES + the COLLAPSE OF ALVEOLI
CONDITIONS:
Pip = Ppul
Pip = Patm
(Pip is always a NEGATIVE PRESSURE–keeps lungs INFLATED)
defintion of BOYLE’S LAW
- specfic pressure changes that DRIVE INHALATION and EXHALATION
- the VOLUME OF GAS VARIES INVERSELY WITH PRESSURE
what are the MUSCLES OF INHALATION (4)?
- STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
- SCALENES
- EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
- DIAPHRAGM
what are the MUSCLES OF EXHALATION (5)?
- INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
- EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
- INTERNAL OBLIQUE
- TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS
- RECTUS ABDOMINIS
what are the PHYSICAL FACTORS that INFLUENCE PULMONARY VENTILATION (3)?
**factors that HINDER AIR PASSAGE and VENTILATION – requires ENERGY to OVERCOME
- AIRWAY RESISTANCE
- ALVEOLAR SURFACE TENSION
- LUNG COMPLIANCE
describe AIRWAY RESISTANCE and ASTHMA
in terms of AIRWAY RESISTANCE, FRICTION IS the #1 NON-ELASTIC SOURCE OF IT
- occurs in AIRWAYS
- begins to DISAPPEAR at TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES–diffusion drives GAS MOVEMENT
in terms of ASTHMA;
- condition where AIRWAY RESISTANCE INCREASES = greater difficulty breathing
- have a SEVERE CONSTRICTION/OBSTRUCTION of the BRONCHIOLES
can be treated with EPINEPHRINE–reduces AIR RESISTANCE by DILATION OF BRONCHIOLES
how does ASTHMA manifest as THREE THINGS in the BRONCHI?
- INFLAMMATION
- BRONCHOCONSTRICTION
- GREATER MUCUS PRODUCTION
describe ALVEOLAR SURFACE TENSION and IRDS
in terms of ALVEOLAR SURFACE TENSION;
- attraction of LIQUID MOLECULES at ONE ANOTHER at the GAS-LIQUID INTERFAVE
- beginning of RESISTANCE OF ANY FORCE that increases SA OF LIQUID
WATER-HIGH SURFACE TENSION;
- begins to COAT ALVEOLAR WALLS–reduces them to SMALLEST FUNCTIONAL SIZE
INFANT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME:
- needs use of SURFACTANT; detergent-like liquid that REDUCES SURFACE TENSION of ALVEOLAR LIQUID + prevention of ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE
- in IRDS; we have INSUFFICIENT QUANTITIES – have ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE
describe LUNG COMPLIANCE
- the measure of CHANGE in LUNG VOLUME that occurs within GIVEN CHANGE in the TRANSPULMON PRESSURE
- measuring STRETCH OF LUNGS
- can be DIMINISHED through NONELASTIC SCAR TISSUE (FIBROSIS)
- reduced PRODUCTION OF SURFACTANT
- decreased FLEXIBILITY of the THORACIC CAGE
definition of EUPNEA, APNEA, AND DYSPNEA
EUPNEA:
- the NORMAL PATTERN OF QUIET BREATHING
APNEA:
- the ABSENCE of BREATHING
DYSPNEA:
- the DIFFICULTY OF BREATHING
definition of RESPIRATORY VOLUMES
- used to ASSESS RESPIRATORY STATUS
- MV = 12 breaths/min x 500 mL/breath = 6L/min
definition of TIDIAL VOLUME
- the LUNG VOLUME that REPRESENTS the NORMAL VOLUME OF AIR
- displaced between INHALATION and EXHALATION–has NO EXTRA EFFORT APPLIED
definition of INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
- the MAXIMUM ADDITONAL AIR that one can DRAW INTO LUNGS
- determined by EFFORT AFTER NORMAL INSPIRATION (3100 mL)
definition of EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
- the MAXIMUM ADDITIONAL AIR that can be EXPELLED FROM LUNGS
- determined by EFFORT AFTER NORMAL EXPIRATION
definition of RESIDUAL VOLUME
the amount of air that REMAINS IN AIR after FULLY EXHALING (1200 mL)
definition of INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
the amount of air that can INHALED AFTER the END of a NORMAL EXPIRATION
definition of FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY
the VOLUME of AIR after PASSIVE EXPIRATION
definition of VIRAL CAPACITY
the MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR that can be INHALED AND EXHALED in the RESPIRATORY CYCLE
what is the TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY?
6000 mL (M) and 4200 mL (F)
definition of ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE
- has NO CONTRIBUTION to GAS EXCHANGE
- the AIR REMAINING in the PASSAGEWAYS; around 150 mL
describe OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE and RESISTANCE
- increased AIRWAY RESISTANCE
- have TLC, FRC, and RV INCREASE
define the GAS EXCHANGE in terms of DIFFUSION of BLOOD + LUNGS + TISSUES
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:
- diffusion of GASES in LUNGS
INTERNAL RESPIRATION:
- diffusion of GASES at BODY TISSUES
definition of DALTON’S LAW
- each gas within a MIXTURE OF GASES exerts its OWN PRESSURE - as if NO OTHER GASES ARE PRESENT
- the TOTAL PRESSURE EXERTED by the MIXTURE OF GASES = SUM OF PRESSURES EXERTED by each gas
definition of HENRY’S LAW
the QUANITITY OF GAS–will DISSOLVE IN A LIQUID that is PROPORTIONAL to the PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THE GAS + SOLUBILITY COEFFICIENT when the TEMP remains CONSTANT
definition of COMPRESSION SICKNESS
condition from DISSOLVED GASES coming out of the SOLUTION into BUBBLES inside the body
- due to DEPRESSURIZATION
what are the THREE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EXTERNAL RESPIRATION?
- PARTIAL PRESSURE GRADIENTS + GAS SOLUBILITY
(drives the DIFFUSION of GASES across RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE) - THICKNESS & SA OF RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
(has a LARGE TOTAL SA for GAS EXCHANGE) - VENTILATION-PERFUSION COUPLING
describe VENTILATION-PERFUSION COUPLING
VENTILATION:
- the AMOUNT OF GAS REACHING ALVEOLI
PERFUSION:
- the amount of BLOOD FLOW REACHING ALVEOLI
that BOTH ARE COUPLED for EFFICIENT GAS EXCHANGE
- but they can NEVER BE BALANCED
PO2 controls perfusion by changing arteriolar diameter.
PCO2 controls ventilation by changing the bronchiolar diameter
(A) leads to VASOCONSTRICTION—decreased ALVEOLAR VENTILATION AND PERFUSION
(B) leads to VASODILATION—increased ALVEOLAR VENTILATION AND PERFUSION
