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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

The Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the PRIMARY FUNCTIONS of the lymphatic system?

A
  • helps DRAIN any interstitial fluid aka LYMPH
  • return of LEAKED PLASMA PROTEINS into the blood
  • TRANSPORTATION of dietary fats
  • aids in IMMUNE RESPONSE
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2
Q

what PARTS make up the lymphatic system?

A
  • a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS aka lymphatics
  • fluid known as LYMPH; interstitial fluid entering lymphatics
  • system of LYMPH NODES; cleans the LYMPH
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3
Q

describe the distribution and structure of our LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

A
  • typically these BV begin as “LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES”
  • often located in between cells of many tissues
  • known as a ONE-WAY SYSTEM: lymph will flow back towards the heart
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4
Q

describe the DISTRIBUTION + SPECIAL FEATURES of our LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES.

A
  • our lymphatic capillaries are actually BLIND-ENDED VESSELS (often going in and out between tissue cells and blood capillaries)
  • found throughout the body (EXCEPT avascular tissue, CNS, spleen portions, & red bone marrow)
  • have a slightly LARGER DIAMETER vs. blood capillaries **MORE PERMEABLE
    (due to this can take in larger particles)
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5
Q

what are LACTEALS + CHYLE? How are they related to our lymphatic capillaries?

A

LACTEALS:
- specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa
*helps transport digested fats from the small intestine into blood
CHYLE:
- milky-white fatty lymph that drains through the lacteals

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6
Q

describe the DISTRIBUTION + SPECIAL FEATURES of our LARGER LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

A

after our lymphatic capillaries, they drain into our COLLECTING LYMPHATIC VESSELS:

  • similar structure to VEINS;
  • have thinner walls + more internal valves
  • anastomose more frequently
  • VASA VASORUM - supplies nutrients
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7
Q

describe the DISTRIBUTION + SPECIAL FEATURES of our LYMPHATIC TRUNKS.

A

LYMPHATIC TRUNKS:
formation of union of largest collecting vessels and help DRAIN LARGE AREAS of the body

  • formed from the lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks
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8
Q

describe our two most LARGEST LYMPHATIC TRUNKS.

A

our largest lymphatic trunks are our RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT + THORACIC DUCT:

RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT:
- drains our right upper arm and right side of head and thorax
- drains lymph into venous blood via the RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

THORACIC DUCT:
- drains the rest of our body
- begins at a dilation called the CISTERNA CHYLI
- main collecting duct
- drains lymph into venous blood via the LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

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9
Q

describe clinical condition; LYMPHANGITIS

A

LYMPHANGITIS:
- a condition in which lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines under the skin
- also often known as the “Gardener’s Disease”

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10
Q

describe clinical condition; LYMPHEDEMA

A

LYMPHEDEMA:
- severe localized edema

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11
Q

what is the FLOW PASSAGEWAY of LYMPH within our lymphatic system?

A
  1. Begins within the ARTERIES + BLOOD CAPILLARIES (form of BLOOD)
  2. enters into our INTERSTITIAL SPACES (form of INTERSTITIAL FLUID)
  3. drains into our LYMPH CAPILLARIES (form of I.F.)
  4. drains into our LYMPHATIC VESSELS (form of I.F.)
  5. drains into our main LYMPHATIC TRUNKS (form of I.F.) (DUCTS)
  6. leaves into the SUBCLAVIAN VEINS (form of BLOOD)

*this flow is regulated by our SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS + RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS + MINI VALVES (prevention of backflow)
*low-pressure system similar to the VENOUS SYS.

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12
Q

what type of LYMPHOID CELLS do we have in our lymphatic system?

A

we have TWO SPECIFIC TYPES;

  1. IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS (lymphoid tissue)
  2. SUPPORTING CELLS (lymphoid tissue structures)
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13
Q

what are the IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS + their FUNCTIONS?

A

T CELLS + B CELLS
- important for PROTECTION vs. ANTIGENS
- B cells more specifically aid in antibody production
MACROPHAGES
- help activate ur T cells + phagocytize foreign substances
DENDRITIC CELLS
- help capture antigens + activation of T cells

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14
Q

what are the SUPPORT CELLS + FUNCTIONS?

A

RETICULAR CELLS
- help with the creation of LYMPHOID TISSUE STRUCTURES/synthesizes COLLAGEN
- creation of STROMA; a scaffolding network structure for lymphoid organs

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15
Q

describe LYMPHOID TISSUE.

A

LYMPHOID TISSUE:
the basic home and proliferation sites for lymphocytes (immune sys. cells - t cells and b cells)
- mostly made of RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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16
Q

what are the MAIN TYPES OF LYMPHOID TISSUE?

A

we have TWO MAIN TYPES;

  1. DIFFUSE LYMPHOID TISSUE
    a basic loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
    - seen typically within the respiratory tract + GI tract
  2. LYMPHOID FOLLICLES (NODULES)
    -tissue of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers; spherical-shaped
    - seen in small intestine, appendix, etc…
17
Q

what are the PRIMARY + SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS? (describe their functions as well)

A

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
- thymus + red bone marrow
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
- lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, peyer’s patches, and the appendix

PLO FUNCTIONS;
- this is where our T CELLS AND B CELLS mature
SLO FUNCTIONS;
- this is where lymphocytes have their FIRST ENCOUNTER with antigens and become ACTIVATED

18
Q

what are the TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS of LYMPH NODES?

A
  • the CLEANSING of the lymph
  • IMMUNE SYSTEM activation

*lymph nodes are the principal SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS of the body

19
Q

describe the STRUCTURE of a LYMPH NODE.

A
  • looks like a BEAN + small in shape
  • has an EXTERNAL FIBROUS CAPSULE
    • capsule fibers go INWARD
    • TRABECULAE divides the nodes into more parts

SPECIFIC REGIONS:

CORTEX;
(SUPERFICIAL AREA)
- has germinal centers; division of B CELLS
- has dendritic cells
(DEEP AREA)
- helps with the transport of T CELLS
- has dendritic cells

MEDULLA;
- extends more inward from the cortex
- contains B/T CELLS + PLASMA CELLS + MACROPHAGES

20
Q

describe LYMPH CIRCULATION within the LYMPH NODES+ what cell is within lymph nodes to help with filtration?

A
  1. Enters AFFERENT lymphatic vessels (Convex side)
  2. travels through SUBSCAPULAR SINUS
  3. Enters the MEDULLARY SINUSES
  4. Exits at the HILUM via EFFERENT lymphatic vessels (Concave side)

*within the lymph nodes, macrophages destroy foreign substances through phagocytosis

21
Q

describe clinical condition; BUBONIC PLAGUE

A

BUBONIC PLAGUE:
- presence of BUBOES; inflamed, swollen, tender lymph nodes ​that result when nodes are overwhelmed by what they are trying to destroy

22
Q

describe clinical condition; CANCER

A

CANCER:
lymph nodes can become secondary cancer sites if metastasizing cancer cells become trapped in lymph node

23
Q

describe lymphatic organ; SPLEEN

A

DESCRIPTION;
- the LARGEST lymphoid organ
- aided by the splenic artery/vein (enters/exits the HILUM)
- BLOOD-RICH ORGAN found on the left side of abdominal cavity

FUNCTIONS;
- stores breakdown products of RBC’s (recycling)
- stores BLOOD PLATELETS + MONOCYTES (helps with necessary blood release)
- sites of FETAL ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION

HISTOLOGY;
- WHITE PULP:
where immune function happens, has mostly lymphocytes
- RED PULP:
this is where old blood cells/bloodborne pathogens die + splenic cords help separate splenic sinusoids

24
Q

describe lymphatic organ(s); MALT

A

DESCRIPTION;
stands for MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE
- seen within MUCOUS MEMBRANES thrghout. the body
- found in the respiratory tract, digestive tract, genitourinary organs

FUNCTION:
aids for pathogen protection

MALT ORGANS:
- tonsils
- peyer’s patches
- appendix

25
Q

describe lymphatic organ; TONSILS (MALT)

A

TYPES OF TONSILS;
- palatine tonsils (largest + most infected)
- lingual tonsils
- pharyngeal tonsils
- tubal tonsils (auditory tubes into pharynx)

FUNCTIONS:
- helps with the creation of TONSILLAR CRYPTS
bacteria/various matter can be trapped and destroyed

26
Q

describe clinical condition; INFLAMED TONSILS

A

TONSILITIS: INFLAMMATION OF TONSILS
- commonly caused by viral or bacterial infection
- common symptoms include sore throat and fever

27
Q

describe lymphatic organ; PEYER’S PATCHES (MALT)

A

FUNCTIONS:
- destroys bacteria
- protection of intestinal wall
- creation of memory lymphocytes

28
Q

describe lymphatic organ; APPENDIX

A

“same functions as Peyer’s Patches”

29
Q

describe clinical condition; APPENDICITIS

A

inflammation of the appendix

30
Q

describe lymphatic organ; THYMUS

A

FUNCTION:
T cell maturing site

LOCATION:
seen witin the outer cortex and inner medulla;
- CORTEX:
- lots of dividing lymphocytes + scattered macrophages
- MEDULLA:
- has thymic corpuscles; regulates the development of T cells

DIFFERENCES:
- has NO FOLLICLES; lack of B cells
- no DIRECT FIGHT to antigens; helps only for T LYMPHOCYTE MATURATION through the bLOOD THYMUS BARRIER (prevents premature activation)
- has STROMA; creation of immunocompetent biome for T lymphocytes

31
Q

describe the DEVELOPMENT of LYMPHATIC TISSUES.

A

LYMPHOID ORGANS:
developed from MESODERMAL mesenchymal cells
THYMUS:
from ENDODERMAL ORIGIN + OUTGROWTH of PHARYNX
FIFTH WEEK:
start of lymphatic vessel/lymph node growth

32
Q

what are PLASMA CELLS?

A

differentiated B LYMPHOCYTE WHITE BLOOD CELLS capable of secreting immunoglobulin or antibodies.

  • helps STOP INFECTION and DISEASE
33
Q

describe our IMMUNE RESPONSES–HUMORAL vs CELL MEDIATED

A

IMMUNE RESPONSE:
response of the body that enables proper defense against HARMFUL AGENTS –such as BACTERIA, VIRUSES, and TOXINS

HUMORAL IMMUNITY:
use of an ANTIBODY-MEDIATED RESPONSE against foreign material
- seeing ANTIGENS in the body
- often controlled by our B CELL LYMPHOCYTES

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY:
does NOT DEPEND on ANTIBODIES
- driven by MATURE T CELLS + MACROPHAGES + CYTOKINES–responding to an antigen

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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