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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Digestive System Part 1 > Flashcards

The Digestive System Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

A
  • a LONG TUBE that is OPEN at the BOTH ENDS for the TRANSIT OF FOOD during PROCESSING
  • takes MACRONUTRIENTS and turns them into MICRONUTRIENTS
    • this allows for ABSORPTION and can be used within the body
    • able to use CHEMICAL ENERGY
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2
Q

what are the ORGANS of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM? more specifically the ALIMENTARY CANAL (GI TRACT) (5)

A
  1. ALIMENTARY CANAL (GI TRACT)—
    • has the PORTIONS OF;
      1. esophagus
      2. stomach
      3. small intestine
      4. large intestine
      5. rectum
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3
Q

what are the ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS? (6)

A

they are NOT PART OF THE GI TRACT—THEY DO CONTRIBUTE TO FOOD PROCESSING
1. teeth
2. tongue
3. salivary glands
4. liver
5. gall bladder
6. pancreas

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4
Q

describe PROPULSION–SEGMENTATION

A
  • nonadjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs—alternate contract and relax
  • MOVES FOOD FORWARD AND BACKWARD
    • slows down food and mixing of food
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5
Q

describe PROPULSION–PERISTALSIS

A
  • adjacent segments of the alimentary canal or tract—alternate contract and relax
  • MOVES FOOD DISTALLY
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6
Q

describe the PERITONEUM

A
  • the largest serous membrane in the body
  • within the ABDOMINAL CAVITY
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7
Q

describe the TWO TYPES OF PERITONEUM

A
  • VISCERAL PERITONEUM (part of serous membrane that TOUCHES THE ORGAN)
  • PARIETAL PERITONEUM (lining the abdominal cavity)
  • RETROPERITONEUM:
    • found in the BACK —covers the KIDNEY AND PARTS OF LARGE INTEST.
  • STOMACH:
    • considered to be INTRAPERITONEAL
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8
Q

what is the MESENTRY? what are our TYPES OF MESENTRY?

A
  • double layer of PERITONEUM—extends to the DIGESTIVE ORGANS from the BODY WALL
  • provides ROUTES FOR BV/NERVES/LYMPHATICS to reach the DIGESTIVE VISCERA
  • TYPES:
    • GREATER OMENTUM
    • LESSER OMENTUM
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9
Q

what are the FUNCTIONS of the MESENTRY (3)?

A
  • FAT DEPOSITION:
    • has varying amounts of ADIPOSE TISSUE
  • IMMUNE CONTRIBUTION:
    • has MILKY SPOTS OF MACROPHAGE COLLECTIONS
  • INFECTION AND WOUND ISOLATION:
    • can also PHYSICALLY LIMIT the spread of INTRAPERITONEAL INFECTIONS
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10
Q

describe the GREATER OMENTUM

A
  • looks similar to an APRON—drapes off stomach
  • COVERS DIGESTIVE ORGANS
  • FIRST STRUCTURE WE SEE cutting in
  • FUNCTION:
    • works as FAT DEPOSITION
    • has MALT; helps with INFECTION and WOUND ISOLATION
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11
Q

describe the LESSER OMENTUM

A
  • found on the LESSER CURVATURE OF THE STOMACH
  • type of DOUBLE LAYER OF PERITONEUM
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12
Q

definition of PERITONITIS

A
  • peritoneum starts to stick together
  • can be caused by abdominal wounds, ulcers, etc..
  • LOCALIZED INFECTION
  • treated with debridement or antibiotic therapy
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13
Q

describe PERITONEAL DIALYSIS

A
  • use of PATIENT PERITONEUM as MEMBRANE—FLUIDS and OTHER SUBSTANCES to be EXCHANGED FROM BLOOD
  • use of CATHETER on patient’s ABDOMEN—FLUID INTRODUCED
    • solution is able to enter the ABDOMINAL CAVITY
    • CLEAR SOLUTION COMES IN (has DEXTROSE—PULLS WASTE INTO ABDOMINAL CAVITY)
    • FLUID IS DRAINED through GRAVITY
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14
Q

what are the LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT?

A
  • states from the ESOPHAGUS to the ANAL CANAL have the same 4 TUNICS
    1. MUCOSA
    2. SUBMUCOSA
    3. MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
    4. SEROSA
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15
Q

describe the MUCOSA

A
  • the INNERMOST LAYER
  • the MOIST EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE that begins to LINE THE ALIMENTARY CANAL LUMEN from MOUTH TO ANUS
    • secretes MUCUS, DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, and HORMONES
    • absorbs END PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION
    • protects against INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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16
Q

what are the THREE SUBLAYERS OF THE MUCOSA?

A
  • EPITHELIUM
  • LAMINA PROPRIA
  • MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
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17
Q

describe the SUBLAYER EPITHELIUM in the MUCOSA

A
  • EPITHELIUM (the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal)
    • made of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
    • withstands TRAUMA
  • EPITHELIUM (stomach and intestines)
    • made of SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM and MUCUS-SECRETING CELLS (most of tract)
      • has MUCUS
        • PROTECTION of DIGESTIVE ORGANS FROM ENZYMES
        • eases FOOD PASSAGE
      • can secrete ENZYMES and HORMONES
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18
Q

describe ANEMIA

A
  • ANEMIA:
    • less production of RBC
  • LACK OF INTRINSIC FACTOR:
    • necessary for COUPLING with VITAMIN B12 —can be ABSORBED IN THE BODY
    • B12 cannot be ABSORBED—PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
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19
Q

describe the SUBLAYER–LAMINA PROPIA in the MUCOSA

A
  • has LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • has CAPILLARIES to NOURISH EPITHELIUM
  • absorbs DIGESTED NUTRIENTS
  • MALT:
    • protection against BACTERIA and OTHER PATHOGENS
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20
Q

describe the SUBLAYER MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE – MUCOSA

A
  • the SCANT LAYER of SMOOTH MUSCLE that produces LOCAL MOVEMENTS of the MUCOSA
  • assists in ENHANCING ABSORPTION and SECRETION
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21
Q

describe the SUBMUCOSA

A
  • made up of LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • has a RICH BLOOD SUPPLY of BLOOD and LYMPHATIC VESSELS, LYMPHOID FOLLICLES, and NERVE FIBERS
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22
Q

describe the MUSCULARIS EXTERNA

A
  • responsible for PERISTALSIS and SEGMENTATION
  • has a CIRCULAR (INNER) and LONGITUDINAL LAYER (OUTER)
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23
Q

describe the SEROSA

A
  • its most OUTERMOST LAYER; known as the VISCERAL PERITONEUM
  • within the ESOPHAGUS—serosa replaced by an ADVENTITIA
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24
Q

describe the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ENS)

A
  1. the BRAIN OF THE GUT
    1. runs through the WHOLE SUBMUCOSA—similar to CHICKENWIRE
25
Q

what is the FUNCTION OF the SUBMUCOSAL AND MYENTERIC PLEXUSES?

A

part of the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • has the SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS
    • regulates GLANDS and SMOOTH MUSCLE
  • has the MYENTERIC PLEXUS
    • controls the GI motility through SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION
  • linked to CNS with AFFERENT VISCERAL FIBERS
26
Q

describe the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’S ROLE IN DIGESTIVE

A
  • PARASYMPATHETIC
    • STIMULATE DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY—rest and digest
  • SYMPATHETIC
    • INHIBIT DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY—fight or flight
27
Q

describe the NEURAL REFLEX PATHWAYS

A

initiated by stimuli INSIDE or OUTSIDE the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

  1. MECHANORECEPTORS + CHEMORECEPTORS (pH, chemicals) + OSMORECEPTORS (stretch, osmolarity)
  2. INTRINSIC & EXTRINSIC CONTROLS
    1. short reflexes— mediated ENTIRELY BY ENS (LOCAL STIMULUS—only INSIDE)
    2. long relfexes—respond INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF GI TRACT (involves the CNS + long nerves)
      1. CN X—VAGUS NERVE
28
Q

what are the THREE CONCEPTS that REGULATE GI ACTIVITY?

A
  1. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY – provoked by MECHANICAL and CHEMICAL STIMULI
  2. EFFECTORS OF DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY: SMOOTH MUSCLE + GLANDS
  3. NEURONS (INTRINSIC + EXTRINSIC) + HORMONES – CONTROLS DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY
29
Q

describe the MOUTH

A
  • where food is CHEWED and MIXED WITH ENZYMES
  • contains SALIVA—begins the process of DIGESTION
  • SWALLOWING PROCESS is initiated
  • oral cavity lined by the STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
30
Q

what are the MOTOR and SENSORY SUPPLY INNERVATIONS of the TONGUE?

A
  • MOTOR SUPPLY INNERVATIONS (movement):
    • CN XII—HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
  • SENSORY SUPPLY (taste):
    • CN V—TRIGEMINAL NERVE
    • CN VII—FACIAL NERVE
31
Q

describe the TONGUE

A

composed of INTERLACING BUNDLES of SKELETAL MUSCLE

FUNCTIONS:
- MIXING of FOOD during CHEWING
- FORMATION OF BOLUS
initiation of SWALLOWING

32
Q

describe the LINGUAL GLAND

A
  • production of LINGUAL LIPASE:
    • breakdown of TRIGLYCERIDES
    • into FATTY ACIDS and DIGLYCERIDES
    • chemical breakdown is already beginning at the oral cavity!
  • gets blood from LINGUAL ARTERY—branches from EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
    • LINGUAL VEINS:
      • drain into the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
33
Q

what are the SALIVARY GLANDS (3)?

A

PAROTID (anterior to ear, the BIGGEST) + SUBMANDIBULAR (below jaw) + SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS (below tongue):

34
Q

function and composition of SALIVARY GLANDS

A

FUNCTIONS:

  • begins to CLEANSE the MOUTH and MOISTEN FOOD
  • compacts food into BOLUS
  • COMPOSITION:
    • 97-99.5% WATER + SLIGHTLY ACIDIC
    • has SALIVARY AMYLASE:
      • breaks down STARCH
      • activated by CHLORIDE IONS
    • IMMUNOGLOBULIN Ig A—AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
      • protection from microorganisms
  • SEROUS ACINI:
    • help to CREATE SALIVA
35
Q

what ACTIVATES the SALIVATORY NUCLEI?

A
  • seen within the BRAIN STEM (pons/medulla)
  • sends IMPULSES along PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS (via motor fibers of CN VII [facial] + IX [glossopharyngeal]
  • XEROSTOMIA—dry mouth
  • produce around 1,200—1,500 mL of SALIVA
36
Q

describe HALITOSIS

A
  • bad breath caused by DECOMPOSING FOOD PARTICULES beginning to ACCUMULATE
    • bacteria THRIVES
37
Q

describe SIALOITHIASIS

A

production of a SMALL SALIVARY STONE—lodged and backflow of SALIVA

  • SWOLLEN—BLOCKED SALIVARY GLAND
  • pain before eating
38
Q

describe MUMPS

A
  • caused by PARAMYXOVIRUS
  • common childhood disease—INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND
  • MALES—inflammation of testes (ORCHITIS)
  • VACCINATION OF MMR (MUMPS, MEASLES, RUBELLA)
39
Q

describe TEETH

A
  • lies in SOCKETS (ALVEOLI)—adapted for MECHANICAL DIGESTION
  • help to TEAR and GRIND GOOD—breaking it down into SMALLER FRAGMENTS
  • DENTIN:
    • made up of CALCIFIED CONNECTIVE TISSUE—the HARDEST SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY
40
Q

describe the PHARYNX

A
  • food passes from the mouth into the OROPHARYNX and then into the LARYNGOPHARYNX
    • allows for passage of food, fluids, and air
    • has STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM LINING with MUCUS-PRODUCING GLANDS
41
Q

describe the ESOPHAGUS

A
  • a COLLAPSIBLE + MUSCULAR TUBE that lies POSTERIOR to the TRACHEA and CONNECTS the PHARYNX to the STOMACH
  • around 8-10 inches long
42
Q

describe the ESOPHAGEAL MUCOSA

A
  • contains STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
    • changes to the SIMPLE COLUMNAR at the STOMACH
43
Q

describe the STOMACH

A
  • J-SHAPED ENLARGEMENT of the GI TRACT
  • within the UPPER LEFT QUADRANT
  • type of TEMPORARY STORAGE—helps with DIGESTION OF BOLUS TO CHYME
  • **INTRINSIC FACTOR B12 ABSORPTION
44
Q

describe the MUSCULARIS EXTERNA OF THE STOMACH

A
  • has CIRCULAR, LONGITUDINAL, and EXTRA THIRD LAYER—OBLIQUE LAYER
    • oblique layer specifically helps in CHURNING FOOD within stomach to turn into CHYME
45
Q

describe the ANATOMY OF THE STOMACH (6)

A
  • CARDIA (CARDIO PART);
    • the BEGINNING OF STOMACH
    • union of ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH
  • FUNDUS:
    • dome-shaped structure
    • underneath DIAPHRAGM
  • BODY:
    • mid-part of stomach
  • PYLORIC:
    • has ANTRUM (SUPERIOR PART)
    • has PYLORIC CANAL
    • has PYLORIC SPHINCTER
      • the END OF STOMACH
      • the BEGINNING OF DUODENUM
  • GREATER CURVATURE:
    • the GREATER OMENTUM CONNECTS
  • LESSER CURVATURE:
    • the LESSER OMENTUM CONNECTS
46
Q

describe the BLOOD SUPPLY of the STOMACH

A
  • BLOOD SUPPLY:
    • CELIAC TRUNK (GASTRIC + SPLENIC BRANCHES)
    • VEINS of the HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM
47
Q

describe the STOMACH MUCOSA

A
  • modified as SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
    • secretes TWO-LAYER COAT OF ALKALINE MUCUS
      • the surface LAYER begins to TRAP BICARBONATE-RICH FLUID LAYER that is beneath it
      • keeps the stomach lining from being eaten away from acid
  • dotted with GASTRIC PITS—leads into the GASTRIC GLANDS
    • GASTRIC GLANDS: produces GASTRIC JUICE
48
Q

what are the TYPES OF GLAND CELLS in the STOMACH (5)?

A
  • TYPES OF GLAND CELLS:
    • glands within the FUNDUS and BODY produce most GASTRIC JUICE
    • glands include SECRETORY CELLS:
      • MUCOUS NECK CELLS
      • PARIETAL CELLS
      • CHIEF CELLS
      • ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS
      • NONENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS
49
Q

what does the MUCOUS NECK CELL SECRETE?

A
  • MUCUS (protective lining)
  • BICARB (forms HCOS–protective barrier)
50
Q

what does the PARIETAL CELLS secrete?

A
  • GASTRIC ACID (HCI–helps to DENATURE PROTEINS and ACTIVATE PEPSIN + KILL BACTERIA)
  • INTRINSIC FACTOR (absorbs B12 and CALCIUM)
51
Q

what does the ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE and ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELLS SECRETE?

A

HISTAMINE—secreted by ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE CELLS; stimulates our G CELLS — that secretes GASTRIN/ACID

SEROTONIN—also secreted by ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELLS

52
Q

what does the CHIEF CELLS secrete?

A
  • PEPSINOGEN – digests PROTEINS
  • GASTRIC LIPASE
  • CHYMOSIN – coagulates MILK in stomach
53
Q

what does the D CELLS (ENTEROENDOCRINE CELL) secrete?

A

SOMATOSTATIN (inhibits ACID)

54
Q

what does the G CELLS (ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS) secrete?

A

GASTRIN (stimulates ACID)

55
Q

what is the ONLY STOMACH FUNCTION essential to LIFE?

A
  1. the ONLY STOMACH FUNCTION ESSENTIAL TO LIFE;
    1. secretion of INTRINSIC FACTOR for VITAMIN B12 ABSORPTION
56
Q

describe the REGULATION OF GASTRIC SECRETION–NEURAL+ HORMONAL MECHANISMS

A
  • NEURAL MECHANISMS:
    • VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION—INCREASES SECRETION
    • SYMPATHETIC NERVE STIMULATION—DECREASES SECRETION
  • HORMONAL MECHANISMS:
    • GASTRIN— stimulates ENZYME AND HCI SECRETION
    • GASTRIN ANTAGONISTS—secreted by SMALL INTESTINE
57
Q

definition of EMESIS

A

vomiting

  • due to EXTREME STRETCHING
  • showcases of INTESTINAL IRRITANTS, BACTERIAL TOXINS, EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL, SPICY FOOD, or CERTAIN DRUGS
58
Q

what are the PHASES OF GASTRIC SECRETION?

A
  • CEPHALIC PHASE (REFLEX PHASE):
    • triggered by the SMELL, SIGHT, or THOUGHT OF FOOD
    • *remember each phase has STIMULATORY AND INHIBITORY PARTS
  • GASTRIC PHASE:
    • the stomach begins to DISTEND and activation of STRETCH RECEPORS
    • activation of LONG AND SHORT REFLEXES
  • INTESTINAL PHASE:
    • BRIEF STIMULATION and followed by INHIBITION
    • INHIBITORY EFFECT OVERRIDES—don’t want intestines to be overfilled

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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