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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Digestive System Part 1 > Flashcards

The Digestive System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

A
  • a LONG TUBE that is OPEN at the BOTH ENDS for the TRANSIT OF FOOD during PROCESSING
  • takes MACRONUTRIENTS and turns them into MICRONUTRIENTS
    • this allows for ABSORPTION and can be used within the body
    • able to use CHEMICAL ENERGY
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2
Q

what are the ORGANS of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM? more specifically the ALIMENTARY CANAL (GI TRACT) (5)

A
  1. ALIMENTARY CANAL (GI TRACT)—
    • has the PORTIONS OF;
      1. esophagus
      2. stomach
      3. small intestine
      4. large intestine
      5. rectum
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3
Q

what are the ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS? (6)

A

they are NOT PART OF THE GI TRACT—THEY DO CONTRIBUTE TO FOOD PROCESSING
1. teeth
2. tongue
3. salivary glands
4. liver
5. gall bladder
6. pancreas

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4
Q

describe PROPULSION–SEGMENTATION

A
  • nonadjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs—alternate contract and relax
  • MOVES FOOD FORWARD AND BACKWARD
    • slows down food and mixing of food
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5
Q

describe PROPULSION–PERISTALSIS

A
  • adjacent segments of the alimentary canal or tract—alternate contract and relax
  • MOVES FOOD DISTALLY
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6
Q

describe the PERITONEUM

A
  • the largest serous membrane in the body
  • within the ABDOMINAL CAVITY
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7
Q

describe the TWO TYPES OF PERITONEUM

A
  • VISCERAL PERITONEUM (part of serous membrane that TOUCHES THE ORGAN)
  • PARIETAL PERITONEUM (lining the abdominal cavity)
  • RETROPERITONEUM:
    • found in the BACK —covers the KIDNEY AND PARTS OF LARGE INTEST.
  • STOMACH:
    • considered to be INTRAPERITONEAL
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8
Q

what is the MESENTRY? what are our TYPES OF MESENTRY?

A
  • double layer of PERITONEUM—extends to the DIGESTIVE ORGANS from the BODY WALL
  • provides ROUTES FOR BV/NERVES/LYMPHATICS to reach the DIGESTIVE VISCERA
  • TYPES:
    • GREATER OMENTUM
    • LESSER OMENTUM
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9
Q

what are the FUNCTIONS of the MESENTRY (3)?

A
  • FAT DEPOSITION:
    • has varying amounts of ADIPOSE TISSUE
  • IMMUNE CONTRIBUTION:
    • has MILKY SPOTS OF MACROPHAGE COLLECTIONS
  • INFECTION AND WOUND ISOLATION:
    • can also PHYSICALLY LIMIT the spread of INTRAPERITONEAL INFECTIONS
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10
Q

describe the GREATER OMENTUM

A
  • looks similar to an APRON—drapes off stomach
  • COVERS DIGESTIVE ORGANS
  • FIRST STRUCTURE WE SEE cutting in
  • FUNCTION:
    • works as FAT DEPOSITION
    • has MALT; helps with INFECTION and WOUND ISOLATION
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11
Q

describe the LESSER OMENTUM

A
  • found on the LESSER CURVATURE OF THE STOMACH
  • type of DOUBLE LAYER OF PERITONEUM
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12
Q

definition of PERITONITIS

A
  • peritoneum starts to stick together
  • can be caused by abdominal wounds, ulcers, etc..
  • LOCALIZED INFECTION
  • treated with debridement or antibiotic therapy
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13
Q

describe PERITONEAL DIALYSIS

A
  • use of PATIENT PERITONEUM as MEMBRANE—FLUIDS and OTHER SUBSTANCES to be EXCHANGED FROM BLOOD
  • use of CATHETER on patient’s ABDOMEN—FLUID INTRODUCED
    • solution is able to enter the ABDOMINAL CAVITY
    • CLEAR SOLUTION COMES IN (has DEXTROSE—PULLS WASTE INTO ABDOMINAL CAVITY)
    • FLUID IS DRAINED through GRAVITY
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14
Q

what are the LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT?

A
  • states from the ESOPHAGUS to the ANAL CANAL have the same 4 TUNICS
    1. MUCOSA
    2. SUBMUCOSA
    3. MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
    4. SEROSA
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15
Q

describe the MUCOSA

A
  • the INNERMOST LAYER
  • the MOIST EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE that begins to LINE THE ALIMENTARY CANAL LUMEN from MOUTH TO ANUS
    • secretes MUCUS, DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, and HORMONES
    • absorbs END PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION
    • protects against INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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16
Q

what are the THREE SUBLAYERS OF THE MUCOSA?

A
  • EPITHELIUM
  • LAMINA PROPRIA
  • MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
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17
Q

describe the SUBLAYER EPITHELIUM in the MUCOSA

A
  • EPITHELIUM (the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal)
    • made of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
    • withstands TRAUMA
  • EPITHELIUM (stomach and intestines)
    • made of SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM and MUCUS-SECRETING CELLS (most of tract)
      • has MUCUS
        • PROTECTION of DIGESTIVE ORGANS FROM ENZYMES
        • eases FOOD PASSAGE
      • can secrete ENZYMES and HORMONES
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18
Q

describe ANEMIA

A
  • ANEMIA:
    • less production of RBC
  • LACK OF INTRINSIC FACTOR:
    • necessary for COUPLING with VITAMIN B12 —can be ABSORBED IN THE BODY
    • B12 cannot be ABSORBED—PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
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19
Q

describe the SUBLAYER–LAMINA PROPIA in the MUCOSA

A
  • has LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • has CAPILLARIES to NOURISH EPITHELIUM
  • absorbs DIGESTED NUTRIENTS
  • MALT:
    • protection against BACTERIA and OTHER PATHOGENS
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20
Q

describe the SUBLAYER MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE – MUCOSA

A
  • the SCANT LAYER of SMOOTH MUSCLE that produces LOCAL MOVEMENTS of the MUCOSA
  • assists in ENHANCING ABSORPTION and SECRETION
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21
Q

describe the SUBMUCOSA

A
  • made up of LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • has a RICH BLOOD SUPPLY of BLOOD and LYMPHATIC VESSELS, LYMPHOID FOLLICLES, and NERVE FIBERS
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22
Q

describe the MUSCULARIS EXTERNA

A
  • responsible for PERISTALSIS and SEGMENTATION
  • has a CIRCULAR (INNER) and LONGITUDINAL LAYER (OUTER)
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23
Q

describe the SEROSA

A
  • its most OUTERMOST LAYER; known as the VISCERAL PERITONEUM
  • within the ESOPHAGUS—serosa replaced by an ADVENTITIA
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24
Q

describe the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ENS)

A
  1. the BRAIN OF THE GUT
    1. runs through the WHOLE SUBMUCOSA—similar to CHICKENWIRE
25
what is the FUNCTION OF the SUBMUCOSAL AND MYENTERIC PLEXUSES?
part of the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - has the **SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS** - regulates GLANDS and SMOOTH MUSCLE - has the **MYENTERIC PLEXUS** - controls the GI motility through SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION - linked to CNS with **AFFERENT VISCERAL FIBERS**
26
describe the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'S ROLE IN DIGESTIVE
- PARASYMPATHETIC - STIMULATE DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY—rest and digest - SYMPATHETIC - INHIBIT DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY—fight or flight
27
describe the NEURAL REFLEX PATHWAYS
initiated by stimuli INSIDE or OUTSIDE the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 1. **MECHANORECEPTORS + CHEMORECEPTORS (pH, chemicals) + OSMORECEPTORS (stretch, osmolarity)** 2. **INTRINSIC & EXTRINSIC CONTROLS** 1. **short reflexes**— mediated ENTIRELY BY ENS (LOCAL STIMULUS—only INSIDE) 2. **long relfexes**—respond INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF GI TRACT (involves the CNS + long nerves) 1. CN X—VAGUS NERVE
28
what are the THREE CONCEPTS that REGULATE GI ACTIVITY?
1. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY -- provoked by MECHANICAL and CHEMICAL STIMULI 2. EFFECTORS OF DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY: SMOOTH MUSCLE + GLANDS 3. NEURONS (INTRINSIC + EXTRINSIC) + HORMONES -- CONTROLS DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY
29
describe the MOUTH
- where food is C**HEWED and MIXED WITH ENZYMES** - contains **SALIVA—begins the process of DIGESTION** - **SWALLOWING PROCESS** is initiated - oral cavity lined by the STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
30
what are the MOTOR and SENSORY SUPPLY INNERVATIONS of the TONGUE?
- MOTOR SUPPLY INNERVATIONS (movement): - **CN XII—HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE** - SENSORY SUPPLY (taste): - **CN V—TRIGEMINAL NERVE** - **CN VII—FACIAL NERVE**
31
describe the TONGUE
composed of INTERLACING BUNDLES of SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTIONS: - **MIXING of FOOD during CHEWING** - **FORMATION OF BOLUS** initiation of SWALLOWING
32
describe the LINGUAL GLAND
- production o**f LINGUAL LIPASE:** - **breakdown of TRIGLYCERIDES** - into **FATTY ACIDS and DIGLYCERIDES** - chemical breakdown is already beginning at the oral cavity! - gets blood from LINGUAL ARTERY—branches from **EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY** - LINGUAL VEINS: - drain into th**e INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN**
33
what are the SALIVARY GLANDS (3)?
PAROTID (anterior to ear, the BIGGEST) + SUBMANDIBULAR (below jaw) + SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS (below tongue):
34
function and composition of SALIVARY GLANDS
FUNCTIONS: - begins to **CLEANSE the MOUTH and MOISTEN FOOD** - compacts food into BOLUS - COMPOSITION: - **97-99.5% WATER + SLIGHTLY ACIDIC** - has **SALIVARY AMYLASE:** - breaks down STARCH - activated by CHLORIDE IONS - IMMUNOGLOBULIN Ig A—AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS - protection from microorganisms - SEROUS ACINI: - help to CREATE SALIVA
35
what ACTIVATES the SALIVATORY NUCLEI?
- seen within the BRAIN STEM (pons/medulla) - sends **IMPULSES along PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS (via motor fibers of CN VII [facial] + IX [glossopharyngeal]** - **XEROSTOMIA—dry mouth** - **produce around 1,200—1,500 mL of SALIVA**
36
describe HALITOSIS
- bad breath caused **by DECOMPOSING FOOD PARTICULES beginning to ACCUMULATE** - bacteria THRIVES
37
describe SIALOITHIASIS
production of a **SMALL SALIVARY STONE—lodged and backflow of SALIVA** - SWOLLEN—BLOCKED SALIVARY GLAND - pain before eating
38
describe MUMPS
- caused by **PARAMYXOVIRUS** - common childhood disease—**INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND** - **MALES—inflammation of testes (ORCHITIS)** - **VACCINATION OF MMR (MUMPS, MEASLES, RUBELLA)**
39
describe TEETH
- lies in SOCKETS (ALVEOLI)—adapted for MECHANICAL DIGESTION - help to **TEAR and GRIND GOOD—breaking it down into SMALLER FRAGMENTS** - DENTIN: - made up of C**ALCIFIED CONNECTIVE TISSUE—the HARDEST SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY**
40
describe the PHARYNX
- food passes from the mouth **into the OROPHARYNX and then into the LARYNGOPHARYNX** - allows for passage of food, fluids, and air - has **STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM LINING with MUCUS-PRODUCING GLANDS**
41
describe the ESOPHAGUS
- a **COLLAPSIBLE + MUSCULAR TUBE that lies POSTERIOR to the TRACHEA and CONNECTS the PHARYNX to the STOMACH** - around 8-10 inches long
42
describe the ESOPHAGEAL MUCOSA
- contains **STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM** - changes to the **SIMPLE COLUMNAR at the STOMACH**
43
describe the STOMACH
- **J-SHAPED ENLARGEMENT of the GI TRACT** - within the **UPPER LEFT QUADRANT** - type of **TEMPORARY STORAGE—helps with DIGESTION OF BOLUS TO CHYME** - ****INTRINSIC FACTOR B12 ABSORPTION**
44
describe the MUSCULARIS EXTERNA OF THE STOMACH
- has **CIRCULAR, LONGITUDINAL, and EXTRA THIRD LAYER—OBLIQUE LAYER** - **oblique layer specifically helps in CHURNING FOOD within stomach to turn into CHYME**
45
describe the ANATOMY OF THE STOMACH (6)
- CARDIA (CARDIO PART); - the BEGINNING OF STOMACH - union of ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH - FUNDUS: - dome-shaped structure - underneath DIAPHRAGM - BODY: - mid-part of stomach - PYLORIC: - has ANTRUM (SUPERIOR PART) - has PYLORIC CANAL - has PYLORIC SPHINCTER - the END OF STOMACH - the BEGINNING OF DUODENUM - GREATER CURVATURE: - the GREATER OMENTUM CONNECTS - LESSER CURVATURE: - the LESSER OMENTUM CONNECTS
46
describe the BLOOD SUPPLY of the STOMACH
- BLOOD SUPPLY: - **CELIAC TRUNK (GASTRIC + SPLENIC BRANCHES)** - **VEINS of the HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM**
47
describe the STOMACH MUCOSA
- modified as **SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM** - secretes **TWO-LAYER COAT OF ALKALINE MUCUS** - the surface LAYER b**egins to TRAP BICARBONATE-RICH FLUID LAYER that is beneath it** - keeps the **stomach lining from being eaten away from acid** - dotted with **GASTRIC PITS**—leads into the GASTRIC GLANDS - **GASTRIC GLANDS: produces GASTRIC JUICE**
48
what are the TYPES OF GLAND CELLS in the STOMACH (5)?
- TYPES OF GLAND CELLS: - glands within the **FUNDUS and BODY produce most GASTRIC JUICE** - glands include SECRETORY CELLS: - **MUCOUS NECK CELLS** - **PARIETAL CELLS** - **CHIEF CELLS** - **ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS** - **NONENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS**
49
what does the MUCOUS NECK CELL SECRETE?
- MUCUS (protective lining) - BICARB (forms HCOS--protective barrier)
50
what does the PARIETAL CELLS secrete?
- GASTRIC ACID (HCI--helps to DENATURE PROTEINS and ACTIVATE PEPSIN + KILL BACTERIA) - INTRINSIC FACTOR (absorbs B12 and CALCIUM)
51
what does the ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE and ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELLS SECRETE?
HISTAMINE—secreted by ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE CELLS; stimulates our G CELLS — that secretes GASTRIN/ACID SEROTONIN—also secreted by ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELLS
52
what does the CHIEF CELLS secrete?
- PEPSINOGEN -- digests PROTEINS - GASTRIC LIPASE - CHYMOSIN -- coagulates MILK in stomach
53
what does the D CELLS (ENTEROENDOCRINE CELL) secrete?
SOMATOSTATIN (inhibits ACID)
54
what does the G CELLS (ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS) secrete?
GASTRIN (stimulates ACID)
55
what is the ONLY STOMACH FUNCTION essential to LIFE?
7. **the ONLY STOMACH FUNCTION ESSENTIAL TO LIFE;** 1. **secretion of INTRINSIC FACTOR for VITAMIN B12 ABSORPTION**
56
describe the REGULATION OF GASTRIC SECRETION--NEURAL+ HORMONAL MECHANISMS
- NEURAL MECHANISMS: - **VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION**—INCREASES SECRETION - **SYMPATHETIC NERVE STIMULATION**—DECREASES SECRETION - HORMONAL MECHANISMS: - **GASTRIN**— stimulates ENZYME AND HCI SECRETION - **GASTRIN ANTAGONISTS**—secreted by SMALL INTESTINE
57
definition of EMESIS
vomiting - due to EXTREME STRETCHING - showcases of **INTESTINAL IRRITANTS, BACTERIAL TOXINS, EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL, SPICY FOOD, or CERTAIN DRUGS**
58
what are the PHASES OF GASTRIC SECRETION?
- CEPHALIC PHASE (REFLEX PHASE): - triggered by the SMELL, SIGHT, or THOUGHT OF FOOD - *remember **each phase has STIMULATORY AND INHIBITORY PARTS** - GASTRIC PHASE: - the stomach begins to DISTEND and activation of STRETCH RECEPORS - activation of LONG AND SHORT REFLEXES - INTESTINAL PHASE: - BRIEF STIMULATION and followed by INHIBITION - **INHIBITORY EFFECT OVERRIDES**—don't want intestines to be overfilled

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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