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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Reproductive System Part 1 > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the PRIMARY SEX ORGANS (GONADS) and what are their FUNCTIONS?

A
  • TESTES (M)
  • OVARIES (F)
  • functions in PRODUCTION OF GAMETES (SEX CELLS)
  • have secretion of STEROID SEX HORMONES;
    ANDROGENS (M)
    ESTROGENS + PROGESTRONE (F)
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2
Q

describe the TESTES

A

housed within the SCROTUM

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3
Q

describe SPERM

A
  • delivered to the body through a SYSTEM OF DUCTS
    • epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, & urethra
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4
Q

what are the ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS?

A
  • seminal glands, prostate, & bulbo-urethral glands
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5
Q

describe the SCROTUM

A
  • sac of skin + superficial fascia
  • outside of the ABDOMINAL PELVIC CAVITY
  • have the PAIR OF TESTES
  • temperature is LOWER THAN CORE BODY TEMP
    • needed for SPERMTOGENESIS
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6
Q

describe the CREMASTER MUSCLE

A
  • assists in the ELEVATION OF TESTES
  • type of SKELETAL MUSCLES
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7
Q

describe the DARTOS MUSCLE

A
  • type of SMOOTH MUSCLE—wrinkles the skin
  • PULLS SCROTUM close to the body (when COLD)
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8
Q

what are the LAYERS OF THE SCROTUM?

A
  • TUNICA VAGINALIS
    • outer layer—extension from the PERTINEUM
  • TUNICA ALBUGINEA
    • forms the inner layer—forms TOUGHER and PROTECTIVE CAPSULE of the testes
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9
Q

describe the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

A
  • sight of SPERM PRODUCTION—or aka as SPERMATOGENESIS
  • has THICK STRATIFED EPITHELIUM
  • also have inner SPERMATOGENIC CELLS
    • sperm forming cells—supports cells SUSTENTOCYTES (greater support of SPERMATOGENIC CELLS)
    • within the TUBULAR EPITHELIUM
  • all converges onto the STRAIGHT TUBULE
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10
Q

describe the MYOID CELLS

A
  • surrounds each SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE
  • smooth muscle like cells—SQUEEZES SPERM + TESTICULAR FLUID out of the TESTES
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11
Q

descrube the RETE (CIRCULAR) TESTIES&raquo_space;> EFFERENT DUCTS/EFFECTS:

A
  • carries SPERM to the EPIDIDYMIS
  • sperm begins to MATURE here and DEGENERATED SPERM are REABSORBED
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12
Q

descrube the EPIDIDYMIS

A

propels sperm into the DUCTUS (VAS) DEFERENS

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13
Q

describe the INTERSTITAL CELLS

A
  • main function is to produce ANDROGENS
  • main androgen in MALES — TESTOSTERONE
  • located in the SOFT TISSUE surrounding SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
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14
Q

describe the VASCULAR SUPPLY OF TESTES

A
  • comes through the SPERMATIC CORD
  • type of SHEATH—covers the DUCTUS DEFERENS
    • have other structures of LYMPHATICS, ARTERY, VEIN, and NERVE
  • allow for COOLING OF TESTES
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15
Q

describe TESTICULAR CANCER

A
  • RARE—the most COMMON CANCER in MEN AGE 15-35
    • has MUMPS; leads to ORCHITIS (inflammation of testis)—can be a RISK FACTOR [from PARAMYOVIRUS]
    • TUMOR CELLS: SCHILLER DUVALL BODIES
    • CRYPTOCHIDISM;
      • the MOST COMMON RISK FACTOR
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16
Q

describe the PENIS

A
  • male copulatory organ
  • ROOT OF THE PENIS
  • SHAFT/BODY OF THE PENIS
  • HEAD/GLANS OF THE PENIS
  • PREPUCE/FORESKIN:
    • loose foreskin that COVERS THE GLAND
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17
Q

what are the SPONGY BODIES FOUND in the SPONGY URETHRA?

A
  • CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
    • surrounds the URETHRA
    • expands to FORM GLANDS
  • CORPORA CAVERNOSA
    • on both sides—PAIRED DORSAL ERECTILE BODIES
    • CURA OF THE PENIS:
      • found on the PROXIMAL END
      • surrounded by the ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS MUSCLE—anchors PENIS TO PUBIC ARCH
18
Q

describe the MALE PERINEUM

A
  • the DIAMOND-SHAPED REGION between the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS + COCCYX + ISCHIAL TUBEROSITIES
  • suspends the SCROTUM
  • contains the ROOT OF PENIS and ANNUS
19
Q

describe the MALE DUCT SYSTEM

A

carries SPERM from TESTES to the BODY EXTERIOR

20
Q

describe the EPIDIDYMIS in terms of the MALE DUCT SYSTEM

A
  • has EFFERENT DUCTS
  • its BODY AND TAIL seen more POSTERIORLY
  • over 6 metes long!
  • location of SPERM MATURATION
  • EPITHELIUM:
    • has MICROVILLA known as STEROCILIA;
      • absorbs TESTICULAR FLUID and passing of NUTRIENTS TO SPERM
21
Q

describe the DUCTUS DEFERENS in terms of the MALE DUCT SYSTEM

A
  • around 45 meters long
  • passes from INGUINAL CANAL to PELVIC CAVITY
  • expands to FORM AMPULLA—to all together form the EJACULATORY DUCT
22
Q

describe VASECTOMY

A
  • the CUTTING AND LIGATION of the DUCTUS DEFERENS
  • around 100% effective in BIRTH CONTROL
23
Q

describe the SEMINAL GLANDS

A
  • on the POSTERIOR BLADDER SURFACE
  • contains SMOOTH MUSCLE that CONTRACTS during EJACULATION
  • produces VISCOUS ALKALINE SEMINAL FLUID (SEMEN)
    • composed of nutrients—fructose, coagulating enzymes etc..
  • can be seen with UV LIGHT
24
Q

describe the PROSTATE

A
  • begins to ENCIRCLE the URETHRA that is INFERIOR to the BLADDER
    • makes up the RELATIVE 30% of SEMEN
  • the size of a PEACH PIT
  • consists of SMOOTH MUSCLE that contracts DURING EJACULATION
  • secretion of milky, slightly acid fluid
25
Q

what else does the PROSTATE SECRETE?

A
  • secretion of PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA);
    • prostate inflamed — INCREASED LEVELS
    • indication of PROSTATI
26
Q

definition of PROSTATITIS

A
  • a type of INFLAMMATORY DISORDER
    • BACTERIAL INFECTION:
      • acute and chronic; can be treated with ANTIBIOTICS
27
Q

what are the TWO TYPES OF CHRONIC PROSTATITIS

A
  • also called or known as PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME:
  • TWO TYPES:
    1. INFLAMMATORY TYPE:
      1. UTI symptoms + pain in the EXTERNAL GENITALIA and LOWER BACK
      2. leukocytes in the URINE
    2. NONINFLAMMATORY TYPE:
      1. same as INFLAMMATORY but has NO LEUKOCYTES or BACTERIA in URINE
28
Q

describe BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

A
  • may be AGE-RELATED
  • distorts URETHRA
  • ANY DIFFICULTIES IN URINATION
  • treated with SURGERY—but NEWER OPTIONS INCLUDE:
29
Q

describe PROSTATE CANCER

A
  • PROSTATE CANCER:
    • the SECOND MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH in MALES
    • DIGITAL EXAM SCREENING:
      • looking at PSA LEVELS
      • biopsy if abnormal
    • treatment with SURGERY and sometimes RADIATION, CASTRATION, and DRUGS
30
Q

describe BULBO-URETHRAL GLANDS

A
  • PEA-SIZED GLANDS that are INFERIOR to the PROSTATE
  • production of THICK + CLEAR MUCUS during sexual arousal
  • helps with LUBRICATION OF GLANDS OF PENIS
  • neutralizes any acidity in URETHRA
31
Q

what are the CHARACTERISTICS of SEMEN?

A
  • contains PROSTAGLANDINS that begin to DECREASE VISCOSITY of MUCUS in the CERVIX and stimulates REVERSE PERISTALSIS in UTERUS
  • contains HORMONE RELAXIN + other ENZYMES
    • enhances SPERM MOTILITY
  • has ANTIBIOTIC CHEMICALS that can DESTROY SOME BACTERIA
  • has CLOTTING FACTORS:
    • begins to COAGULATE SEMEN—to prevent draining out
      • can also LIQUEFY by FIBRINOLYSIN (allows SPERM to finish the JOURNEY 🫣)
32
Q

describe ERECTION

A
  • the ENLARGEMENT 😦 and the STIFFENING OF THE PENIS
  • ARTERIOLES are NORMALLY CONSTRICTED
  • CORPRA CAVERNOSA—begins to EXPAND and delays VENAL DRAINAGE
  • have LONGITUDNIAL and CIRCULAR COLLAGEN FIBERS (circling PENIS)
    • prevention of KINKING OF PENIS when ERECT
33
Q

describe EJACULATION

A
  • the PROPULSION OF SEMEN from the male duct system
  • type of SYMPATHETIC SPINAL REFLEX
    • have the BLADDER AND SPHINCTER MUSCLES CONSTRICT
      • keeps URINE FROM PROPULSING
34
Q

definition of SPERMATOGENESIS

A
  • begins with SPERMATOGONIA (DIPLOID STEM CELLS)
    • differentiates into DIPLOID PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES
35
Q

describe the PATHWAY OF SPERMATOGENESIS

A
  • LOCATION:
    • occurs in SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES of the TESTIS
  • SPERMATOGENIC CELLS:
    • gives RISE TO SPERM
  • THREE STEPS OF SPERMATOGENESIS:
    1. MITOSIS OF SPERMATOGONIA:
      1. (stem cell) that FORMS TWO SPERMATOCYTES
      2. the MOST IMMATURE SPERMTAOGENIC CELLS
      3. rests on the BASAL LAMINA
    2. MEIOSIS:
      1. PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES&raquo_space; SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES&raquo_space; FORM FOUR SPERMATIDS
    3. SPERMIOGENESIS:
      1. SPERMATIDS&raquo_space; SPERMATOZA&raquo_space; SPERM (NOW MOBILE)
36
Q

what are the ROLE OF SUSTENTOCYTES?

A
  • type of LARGE SUPPORTING CELLS (aka SERTOLI CELLS)
  • extends through TUBULE WALLS and surrounds DEVELOPING CELLS
  • provides NUTRIENTS + SIGNALS for dividing cells
  • moves cells across the LUMEN
37
Q

function of teh BLOOD TESTIS BARRIER

A
  • formation of the BLOOD TESTIS BARRIER
    • prevention of SPERM ANTIGENS from ESCAPING BLOOD and activating IMMUNE SYSTEM
    • SPERM NOT FORMED UNTIL PUBERTY = ABSENT DURING IMMUNE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
      • results in not being RECOGNIZED AS “SELF”
38
Q

describe the HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY GONADAL (HPG) AXIS

A
  • production of GAMETES and SEX HORMONES through specific HORMAL EVENTS with cooperation between the HYPOTHALAMUS, ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND + TESTES
    • involves;
      • GnRH, FSH, LH, TESTOSTERONE, & INHIBIN
39
Q

function of FSH

A

stimulation of SPERMATOGENESIS (by INDIRECTLY STIMULATING SUSTENTOCYTES to release ABP

40
Q

function of LH

A
  1. H BINDS to INTERSTITIAL ENDOCRINE CELLS
    1. stimulation of CELLS IN TESTES TO PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE
41
Q

function of INHIBIN

A

INHIBIN:
1. released by SUSTENOCYTES when the SPERM COUNT IS HIGH

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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