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Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology > The Thorax > Flashcards

The Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Label the surface anatomy:

A
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2
Q

What makes up the thorax?
(3)

A

Sternum

12 pairs of ribs (24 individual ribs)

Costal cartilages

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3
Q

Label the thorax:

A
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4
Q

What does the clavicular notch connect to?

A

The clavicle

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5
Q

What happens at the sternal angle?

A

It’s where the manubrium connects to the body

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6
Q

Anteriorally, where do the ribs connect to?

A

The sternum, via costal cartilages

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7
Q

Posteriorally, where do the ribs connect to?

A

The vertebrae

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8
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

The head of the sternum

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9
Q

What are the features of the manubrium?
(4)

A

It’s the wider superior portion

It articulates with the clavicles and the first 2 pairs of ribs. The 2nd rib attaches to the sternal angle

The jugular notch can be easily felt at the anterior base of the neck, between the medial ends of the clavicles

The clavicular notch is the site of the sternoclavicular joint, between the sternum and clavicle

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10
Q

Label the sternum:

A
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11
Q

What are the features of the body of the sternum?
(2)

A

It’s the middle portion of

It gives attachment to the ribs 3-7 pairs

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12
Q

What are the features of the Xiphoid process of the sternum?
(2)

A

It’s the inferior tip

It gives attachment to the diaphragm and abdominal muscles

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13
Q

What’s really important to know about the placement of the ribs?

A

Since the 1st rib is hidden behind the clavicle, it’s hard to identify it. So the 1st rib we can actually see is the 2nd rib-not the 1st

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14
Q

Which type of imaging analyses the sternoclavicular joint the best?

A

CT scans

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15
Q

What are the features of the sternoclavicular joint?
(3)

A

It’s between the medial end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum (clavicular notch)

It’s a saddle-type synovial joint

It allows the elevation, depression, protraction and retraction of the shoulders

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16
Q

How many pairs of ribs do we have?

A

12 pairs

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17
Q

What are the features of the ribs?
(5)

A

There’s 12 pairs of ribs

Pairs 1-7 directly attach to the sternum at their own costal cartilage- true ribs

Pairs 8-10 indirectly attach to the sternum at the costal cartilage- false ribs. They connect to 1 costal cartilage that then connects to the lowest bit of the body of the sternum

Pairs 11 and 12 aren’t attached to the sternum- floating ribs

Intercostal spaces

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18
Q

Which pairs of ribs are known as the true ribs?

A

Pairs 1-7

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19
Q

Which pairs of ribs are known as the false ribs?

A

Pairs 8-10

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20
Q

Which pairs of ribs are known as the floating ribs?

A

Pairs 11 and 12

21
Q

How are the intercostal ribs named?

A

They’re named according to the rib that’s above

E.g.
rib 1

Rib 2
Intercostal space 2
Rib 3

Rib 4
Intercostal space 4
Rib 5

22
Q

Label the ribs:

A
23
Q

What are the 2 types of ribs?

A

Typical ribs

Atypical ribs

24
Q

What are the features of the typical ribs?
(4)

A

Flat bones

The anterior end is connected to the sternum by the costal cartilage to form the sternocostal joints

The head of the clavicle is posterior and connects to the Demi-facets of the spine/vertebrae to form the costovertebral joints

The articular part of the tubercle with the transverse process of the vertebra to form the costotransverse joints

25
Q

Label this typical rib:

A
26
Q

How many Demi-facets does a typical rib have?

A

2

27
Q

What are the features of the atypical ribs?
(5)

A

Rib 1 is shorter and wider than the other ribs. It only has 1 facet on its head so it can articulate with its corresponding vertebra T1

The superior surface is marked by 2 grooves, which makes way for the subclavian vessels and brachial plexus

Rib 2 is thinner and longer than rib 1 and has 2 articular facets on the head as normal

Rib 10 only has 1 facet- for articulation with its corresponding vertebra T10

Ribs 11 and 12 have no neck or tubercles, and only contain 1 facet, which is for articulation with their corresponding vertebra

28
Q

How many ribs are atypical ribs?

A

5

29
Q

Which ribs are atypical ribs?
(5)

A

Rib 1

Rib 2

Rib 10

Rib 11

Rib 12

30
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A network of nerves that come from the spine. They go down the spine and the chest

31
Q

Which atypical rib is this? (Superior view)

A

1st rib

32
Q

Which atypical rib is this? (Superior view)

A

2nd rib

33
Q

Which atypical rib is this? (Posterior view)

A

10th rib

34
Q

Which atypical rib is this? (Posterior view)

A

11th rib

35
Q

Which atypical rib is this? (Posterior view)

A

12th rib

36
Q

What are the 2 types of intercostal muscles?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

External intercostal muscles

37
Q

How many pairs of muscles do internal intercostal muscles have?

A

11 pairs

38
Q

How many pairs of muscles do external intercostal muscles have?

A

11 pairs

39
Q

Which type of intercostal muscles are more active during inspiration (inhaling)?

A

External intercostal muscles

40
Q

Which type of intercostal muscles are more active during expiration (exhaling)?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

41
Q

Label the internal and external intercostal muscles:

A
42
Q

What are the features of the diaphragm?
(4)

A

Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Convex superior surface

It’s the chief muscle of inspiration

It contracts and relaxes

43
Q

Label the diaphragm (axial view):

A
44
Q

Why do the ribs move?

A

So that we can breathe

45
Q

What are the 3 origins of the diaphragm?

A

Sternum

Rib pairs 6-12

Lumbar vertebrae

46
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone formation

47
Q

What are the ossification centres of the sternum (the stages that it forms)?
(4)

A

Manubrium

1st sternal segment

2nd sternal segment

3rd sternal segment

48
Q

Where is the 1st rib in this x-ray of the thorax?

A

Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology (12 decks)

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