Key Anatomical Terms Flashcards
What is anatomy the study of?
The structure of organisms
What is anatomy the study of?
The structure of organisms
What is physiology the study of?
The function of organisms
What is pathology the study of?
Disease and injury
What are the features of the anatomical position?
(6)
Erect position of the body (standing)
Face directed forward
Both arms by the side
Palms of the hands facing forward
The feet are slightly parallel
Toes oriented to the front
What does the erect position of the body mean?
Standing
Why is the anatomical position important?
(2)
So we can have a standard position
So we can describe the body easier
What are the 3 anatomical planes?
Axial/transverse
Coronal
Sagittal
Which anatomical plane is the most commonly used?
Axial/transverse
How does the axial plane image patients?
It slices the patient from top to bottom
Why is the axial plane important?
For angling the patient properly
How is the patient viewed when in the axial plane?
They’re viewed from their feet to their head. So their right is their left and their left is their right
How does the coronal plane image patients?
It slices them from the front to the back
How does the sagittal plane image patients?
It slices them from side to side
What are the 3 types of cross-sectional imaging?
Axial/transverse
Coronal
Sagittal
What does superior mean?
Nearer to the head
What does cranial mean?
Nearer to the head
Which is more cranial-
Shoulder or elbow?
Shoulder
What does proximal mean?
Towards the trunk or point of origin
What is the trunk?
Everything on the body except the limbs (arms, legs)
What does distal mean?
Away from the trunk or point of origin
Is the elbow proximal or distal?
Proximal
Is the wrist proximal or distal?
Distal
What does anterior mean?
Towards the front surface
What does ventral mean?
Towards the front surface
What is superior also known as?
Cranial
What is anterior also known as?
Ventral
What is the medial?
The part of the body towards the median plane (middle of the body)
What does lateral mean?
The part of the body away from the median plane (middle of the body)
Which is more lateral-
The arms or the chest?
Arms
What does posterior mean?
The part of the body towards the back surface
What does dorsal mean?
The part of the body towards the back surface
What is posterior also known as?
Dorsal
What does inferior mean?
The part of the body nearer to the feet
What does caudal mean?
The part of the body nearer to the feet
What is inferior also known as?
Caudal
Is the leg caudal or cranial?
Caudal
What does external mean?
The outer or exterior part of the body
What does internal mean?
The inner or interior part of the body
Between the lungs and the heart, which is more internal and external?
Lungs= more external
Heart= more internal
Between the skin and lungs, which is more internal and external?
Skin= more external
Lungs=more internal
What does superficial mean?
The part of the body that’s closer to the surface of the body
What does deep mean?
The part of the body that’s closer to the middle of the body (the interior center)
Between the lungs and heart, which is more superficial?
The lungs
What does palmar mean?
The palm (or anterior surface) of the hand
What does dorsal mean?
The back of the hand or foot
What is the scapula?
The shoulder blades
What is the scapula?
The shoulder blades
What does abduction mean?
When you bring the limb away from the trunk
What does adduction mean?
When you bring a limb towards the trunk
What does medial rotation mean?
When you rotate your arm towards your body
What does lateral bending mean?
When you bend to one side
What does lateral bending mean?
When you bend to one side
What does protrusion mean?
When your jaw moves out
What does retrusion mean?
When the jaw moves in
What is dorsiflexion?
When your foot is lifted
What is plantar flexion?
When your foot extends downwards
What are protrusion and retrusion movements useful for?
Teeth x-rays
What does inversion mean?
The movement of a limb towards the middle of the body
What does eversion mean?
The movement of a limb away from the middle of the body
What does flexion mean?
When you flex a limb
What does retraction mean?
When your scapula is flexed
What does protraction mean?
When your scapulas are relaxed
Between retraction and protraction, which is more desired for a chest x-ray image?
Protraction
What is depression?
When you relax the scapulas so the shoulders remain down
What is elevation?
When you tighten the scapulas, so the shoulders raise
What type of x-ray would depression be the most useful for?
Neck x-rays
What makes up the cranial cavity?
(2)
Brain
Pituitary gland
What is the dorsal body cavity?
The cavity that sits at the back
What is the vertebral cavity made up of?
(2)
Vertebrae
Spinal cord
What makes up the thoracic cavity?
(3)
Superior mediastinum
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum
What makes up the abdominal cavity?
(4)
Intestines
Pancreas
Liver
Kidney
What makes up the pelvic cavity?
(2)
Prostate
Pelvis
What is found between the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity?
(3)
Oesophagus
Thymus
Trachea
What is found at the right lower quadrant of the abdomino-pelvic cavity?
Appendix
Why is the right lower quadrant more important than the left lower quadrant in the abdomino-pelvic cavity?
Because the right lower quadrant contains the appendix
What is the musculoskeletal system also known as?
Locomotor system
What does the musculoskeletal system include?
(6)
Bones
Cartilage
Muscles
Ligaments
Tendons
Connective tissues
What is the respiratory system responsible for?
Gas exchange
What does the respiratory system include?
(10)
Mouth
Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Lungs
Diaphragm
Pleura
What are sinuses?
Spaces in the skull filled with air
What is the larynx?
The voice box
What is the pharynx?
A muscular tube in the middle of the neck that helps with breathing and digesting food
What is the pleura?
The lining of the thoracic cavity
What does the digestive system do?
It absorbs nutrient products from food into the bloodstream
What does the digestive system include?
(8)
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small bowel (intestine)
Large bowel (intestine)
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver
What is an intestine also known as?
A bowel
What is the largest organ?
The skin
What is the 2nd largest organ?
The small bowel (intestine)
What does the urinary system do?
It cleans waste products from the body
What does the urinary system include?
(4)
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
What does the female reproductive system include?
(4)
Vagina
Uterus
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
What does the male reproductive system include?
(5)
Penis
Scrotum
Testicles
Epididymis
Prostate gland
What is the endocrine system?
A network of glands
What does the endocrine system include? (10)
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testicles
What does the cardiovascular system include?
(3)
Heart
Blood vessels (arteries, veins, etc)
Blood
What are the 2 types of nervous systems?
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What does the central nervous system include?
(2)
Brain
Spinal cord
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
(2)
Nerves
Plexus
What is the integumentary system?
A system about the skin
What does the integumentary system include?
(4)
Skin and its layers
Glands
Hair
Nails
Why is it useful to know about the integumentary system?
(2)
The skin is the first point of contact with radiation
Skin and nails allows us to detect/tell if cancer has spread around the body, e.g. melanoma
What does the lymphatic system do?
It filters blood
What does the lymphatic system include?
(9)
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Adenoids
Bone marrow
Appendix
What do the lymph nodes do when fighting a pathogen?
They enflame
Which 2 parts of the lymphatic system filter the entrance of the body?
Tonsils
Adenoids
Where do red blood cells mature?
Bone marrow
Which part of the lymphatic system contains more lymphatic tissue than the bowels?
Appendix
Which 2 anatomical terms are the limbs most likely to be?
Proximal
Distal
Which 2 anatomical terms are the limbs most likely to be?
Proximal
Distal
What is the longitudinal axis?
The invisible line that runs from the top-bottom of the body
Who needs/ is involved in imaging?
(4)
Patients
Doctors/consultants
Nurses/physiotherapists
Police/Home office
Why do patients need imaging?
(3)
For injury
Illness
Diagnosis
Why are doctors/consultants involved in imaging?
(3)
To create a treatment plan for patients
To provide the images and diagnoses for investigations
For medico-legal reasons, e.g. to help the police investigate drug smuggling by providing images from stomach x-rays
Why are nurses/physiotherapists involved in imaging?
To carry out the treatment plan for patients
Why are the police/home office involved in imaging?
To conduct forensic investigations (images from the dead)
How do we standardised imaging?
(3)
We have a common ground for all healthcare professionals
We have standard positions for imaging
We have standard terminology
Which position are all x-rays based on?
Standard anatomical position
How are patients imaged?
They have 2 views of limbs at 90 degrees to each other
What are local departmental protocols?
Why are they done?
They’re forms about positioning, dosage and what images should look like
They’re done so that the radiographer is clear on their role and what to expect
What does cephalic mean?
Towards the head
What is cephalic also known as?
(2)
Cranial
Superior
Why is the terminology like anterior, posterior, superior, caudal, etc… important?
They’re important because they relate to the direction of the x-ray beam. E.G. the beam may go from anterior to posterior (AP), or go from posterior to anterior (PA)
What does supination mean?
It’s when the patient is made to lie on their back during an x-ray, facing upwards
What does pronation mean?
It’s when the patient is made to lie on their front, facing downwards
What does pronation mean?
It’s when the patient is made to lie on their front, facing downwards
What does the anatomical position look like?
How does the axial/transverse plane look like?
What does the coronal plane look like?
What does the saggital plane look like?
What does the saggital plane look like?
How does the positioning look of medial, lateral, proximal, posterior, etc… look?
How does abduction and abduction look like?
How does medial and lateral rotation look like?
How does protraction and retraction look like?
What does depression and elevation look like?
What does protrusion and retrusion look like?
What does protrusion and retrusion look like?
How does plantar and dorsi flexion look like?
What are all the abdominopelvic regions?
What are all the abdominopelvic quadrants?
