Key Anatomical Terms Flashcards
1
Q
What is anatomy the study of?
A
The structure of organisms
2
Q
What is anatomy the study of?
A
The structure of organisms
3
Q
What is physiology the study of?
A
The function of organisms
4
Q
What is pathology the study of?
A
Disease and injury
5
Q
What are the features of the anatomical position?
(6)
A
Erect position of the body (standing)
Face directed forward
Both arms by the side
Palms of the hands facing forward
The feet are slightly parallel
Toes oriented to the front
6
Q
What does the erect position of the body mean?
A
Standing
7
Q
Why is the anatomical position important?
(2)
A
So we can have a standard position
So we can describe the body easier
8
Q
What are the 3 anatomical planes?
A
Axial/transverse
Coronal
Sagittal
9
Q
Which anatomical plane is the most commonly used?
A
Axial/transverse
10
Q
How does the axial plane image patients?
A
It slices the patient from top to bottom
11
Q
Why is the axial plane important?
A
For angling the patient properly
12
Q
How is the patient viewed when in the axial plane?
A
They’re viewed from their feet to their head. So their right is their left and their left is their right
13
Q
How does the coronal plane image patients?
A
It slices them from the front to the back
14
Q
How does the sagittal plane image patients?
A
It slices them from side to side
15
Q
What are the 3 types of cross-sectional imaging?
A
Axial/transverse
Coronal
Sagittal
16
Q
What does superior mean?
A
Nearer to the head
17
Q
What does cranial mean?
A
Nearer to the head
18
Q
Which is more cranial-
Shoulder or elbow?
A
Shoulder
19
Q
What does proximal mean?
A
Towards the trunk or point of origin
20
Q
What is the trunk?
A
Everything on the body except the limbs (arms, legs)
21
Q
What does distal mean?
A
Away from the trunk or point of origin
22
Q
Is the elbow proximal or distal?
A
Proximal
23
Q
Is the wrist proximal or distal?
A
Distal
24
Q
What does anterior mean?
A
Towards the front surface
25
What does ventral mean?
Towards the front surface
26
What is superior also known as?
Cranial
27
What is anterior also known as?
Ventral
28
What is the medial?
The part of the body towards the median plane (middle of the body)
29
What does lateral mean?
The part of the body away from the median plane (middle of the body)
30
Which is more lateral-
The arms or the chest?
Arms
31
What does posterior mean?
The part of the body towards the back surface
32
What does dorsal mean?
The part of the body towards the back surface
33
What is posterior also known as?
Dorsal
34
What does inferior mean?
The part of the body nearer to the feet
35
What does caudal mean?
The part of the body nearer to the feet
36
What is inferior also known as?
Caudal
37
Is the leg caudal or cranial?
Caudal
38
What does external mean?
The outer or exterior part of the body
39
What does internal mean?
The inner or interior part of the body
40
Between the lungs and the heart, which is more internal and external?
Lungs= more external
Heart= more internal
41
Between the skin and lungs, which is more internal and external?
Skin= more external
Lungs=more internal
42
What does superficial mean?
The part of the body that’s closer to the surface of the body
43
What does deep mean?
The part of the body that’s closer to the middle of the body (the interior center)
44
Between the lungs and heart, which is more superficial?
The lungs
45
What does palmar mean?
The palm (or anterior surface) of the hand
46
What does dorsal mean?
The back of the hand or foot
47
What is the scapula?
The shoulder blades
48
What is the scapula?
The shoulder blades
49
What does abduction mean?
When you bring the limb away from the trunk
50
What does adduction mean?
When you bring a limb towards the trunk
51
What does medial rotation mean?
When you rotate your arm towards your body
52
What does lateral bending mean?
When you bend to one side
53
What does lateral bending mean?
When you bend to one side
54
What does protrusion mean?
When your jaw moves out
55
What does retrusion mean?
When the jaw moves in
56
What is dorsiflexion?
When your foot is lifted
57
What is plantar flexion?
When your foot extends downwards
58
What are protrusion and retrusion movements useful for?
Teeth x-rays
59
What does inversion mean?
The movement of a limb towards the middle of the body
60
What does eversion mean?
The movement of a limb away from the middle of the body
61
What does flexion mean?
When you flex a limb
62
What does retraction mean?
When your scapula is flexed
63
What does protraction mean?
When your scapulas are relaxed
64
Between retraction and protraction, which is more desired for a chest x-ray image?
Protraction
65
What is depression?
When you relax the scapulas so the shoulders remain down
66
What is elevation?
When you tighten the scapulas, so the shoulders raise
67
What type of x-ray would depression be the most useful for?
Neck x-rays
68
What makes up the cranial cavity?
(2)
Brain
Pituitary gland
69
What is the dorsal body cavity?
The cavity that sits at the back
70
What is the vertebral cavity made up of?
(2)
Vertebrae
Spinal cord
71
What makes up the thoracic cavity?
(3)
Superior mediastinum
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum
72
What makes up the abdominal cavity?
(4)
Intestines
Pancreas
Liver
Kidney
73
What makes up the pelvic cavity?
(2)
Prostate
Pelvis
74
What is found between the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity?
(3)
Oesophagus
Thymus
Trachea
75
What is found at the right lower quadrant of the abdomino-pelvic cavity?
Appendix
76
Why is the right lower quadrant more important than the left lower quadrant in the abdomino-pelvic cavity?
Because the right lower quadrant contains the appendix
77
What is the musculoskeletal system also known as?
Locomotor system
78
What does the musculoskeletal system include?
(6)
Bones
Cartilage
Muscles
Ligaments
Tendons
Connective tissues
79
What is the respiratory system responsible for?
Gas exchange
80
What does the respiratory system include?
(10)
Mouth
Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Lungs
Diaphragm
Pleura
81
What are sinuses?
Spaces in the skull filled with air
82
What is the larynx?
The voice box
83
What is the pharynx?
A muscular tube in the middle of the neck that helps with breathing and digesting food
84
What is the pleura?
The lining of the thoracic cavity
85
What does the digestive system do?
It absorbs nutrient products from food into the bloodstream
86
What does the digestive system include?
(8)
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small bowel (intestine)
Large bowel (intestine)
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver
87
What is an intestine also known as?
A bowel
88
What is the largest organ?
The skin
89
What is the 2nd largest organ?
The small bowel (intestine)
90
What does the urinary system do?
It cleans waste products from the body
91
What does the urinary system include?
(4)
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
92
What does the female reproductive system include?
(4)
Vagina
Uterus
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
93
What does the male reproductive system include?
(5)
Penis
Scrotum
Testicles
Epididymis
Prostate gland
94
What is the endocrine system?
A network of glands
95
What does the endocrine system include? (10)
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testicles
96
What does the cardiovascular system include?
(3)
Heart
Blood vessels (arteries, veins, etc)
Blood
97
What are the 2 types of nervous systems?
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
98
What does the central nervous system include?
(2)
Brain
Spinal cord
99
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
(2)
Nerves
Plexus
100
What is the integumentary system?
A system about the skin
101
What does the integumentary system include?
(4)
Skin and its layers
Glands
Hair
Nails
102
Why is it useful to know about the integumentary system?
(2)
The skin is the first point of contact with radiation
Skin and nails allows us to detect/tell if cancer has spread around the body, e.g. melanoma
103
What does the lymphatic system do?
It filters blood
104
What does the lymphatic system include?
(9)
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Adenoids
Bone marrow
Appendix
105
What do the lymph nodes do when fighting a pathogen?
They enflame
106
Which 2 parts of the lymphatic system filter the entrance of the body?
Tonsils
Adenoids
107
Where do red blood cells mature?
Bone marrow
108
Which part of the lymphatic system contains more lymphatic tissue than the bowels?
Appendix
109
Which 2 anatomical terms are the limbs most likely to be?
Proximal
Distal
110
Which 2 anatomical terms are the limbs most likely to be?
Proximal
Distal
111
What is the longitudinal axis?
The invisible line that runs from the top-bottom of the body
112
Who needs/ is involved in imaging?
(4)
Patients
Doctors/consultants
Nurses/physiotherapists
Police/Home office
113
Why do patients need imaging?
(3)
For injury
Illness
Diagnosis
114
Why are doctors/consultants involved in imaging?
(3)
To create a treatment plan for patients
To provide the images and diagnoses for investigations
For medico-legal reasons, e.g. to help the police investigate drug smuggling by providing images from stomach x-rays
115
Why are nurses/physiotherapists involved in imaging?
To carry out the treatment plan for patients
116
Why are the police/home office involved in imaging?
To conduct forensic investigations (images from the dead)
117
How do we standardised imaging?
(3)
We have a common ground for all healthcare professionals
We have standard positions for imaging
We have standard terminology
118
Which position are all x-rays based on?
Standard anatomical position
119
How are patients imaged?
They have 2 views of limbs at 90 degrees to each other
120
What are local departmental protocols?
Why are they done?
They’re forms about positioning, dosage and what images should look like
They’re done so that the radiographer is clear on their role and what to expect
121
What does cephalic mean?
Towards the head
122
What is cephalic also known as?
(2)
Cranial
Superior
123
Why is the terminology like anterior, posterior, superior, caudal, etc… important?
They’re important because they relate to the direction of the x-ray beam. E.G. the beam may go from anterior to posterior (AP), or go from posterior to anterior (PA)
124
What does supination mean?
It’s when the patient is made to lie on their back during an x-ray, facing upwards
125
What does pronation mean?
It’s when the patient is made to lie on their front, facing downwards
126
What does pronation mean?
It’s when the patient is made to lie on their front, facing downwards
127
What does the anatomical position look like?
128
How does the axial/transverse plane look like?
129
What does the coronal plane look like?
130
What does the saggital plane look like?
131
What does the saggital plane look like?
132
How does the positioning look of medial, lateral, proximal, posterior, etc… look?
133
How does abduction and abduction look like?
134
How does medial and lateral rotation look like?
135
How does protraction and retraction look like?
136
What does depression and elevation look like?
137
What does protrusion and retrusion look like?
138
What does protrusion and retrusion look like?
139
How does plantar and dorsi flexion look like?
140
What are all the abdominopelvic regions?
141
What are all the abdominopelvic quadrants?
