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Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology > Key Anatomical Terms > Flashcards

Key Anatomical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy the study of?

A

The structure of organisms

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2
Q

What is anatomy the study of?

A

The structure of organisms

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3
Q

What is physiology the study of?

A

The function of organisms

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4
Q

What is pathology the study of?

A

Disease and injury

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5
Q

What are the features of the anatomical position?
(6)

A

Erect position of the body (standing)
Face directed forward
Both arms by the side
Palms of the hands facing forward
The feet are slightly parallel
Toes oriented to the front

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6
Q

What does the erect position of the body mean?

A

Standing

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7
Q

Why is the anatomical position important?
(2)

A

So we can have a standard position
So we can describe the body easier

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8
Q

What are the 3 anatomical planes?

A

Axial/transverse
Coronal
Sagittal

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9
Q

Which anatomical plane is the most commonly used?

A

Axial/transverse

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10
Q

How does the axial plane image patients?

A

It slices the patient from top to bottom

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11
Q

Why is the axial plane important?

A

For angling the patient properly

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12
Q

How is the patient viewed when in the axial plane?

A

They’re viewed from their feet to their head. So their right is their left and their left is their right

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13
Q

How does the coronal plane image patients?

A

It slices them from the front to the back

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14
Q

How does the sagittal plane image patients?

A

It slices them from side to side

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of cross-sectional imaging?

A

Axial/transverse
Coronal
Sagittal

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16
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Nearer to the head

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17
Q

What does cranial mean?

A

Nearer to the head

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18
Q

Which is more cranial-
Shoulder or elbow?

A

Shoulder

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19
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Towards the trunk or point of origin

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20
Q

What is the trunk?

A

Everything on the body except the limbs (arms, legs)

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21
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Away from the trunk or point of origin

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22
Q

Is the elbow proximal or distal?

A

Proximal

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23
Q

Is the wrist proximal or distal?

A

Distal

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24
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

Towards the front surface

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25
Q

What does ventral mean?

A

Towards the front surface

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26
Q

What is superior also known as?

A

Cranial

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27
Q

What is anterior also known as?

A

Ventral

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28
Q

What is the medial?

A

The part of the body towards the median plane (middle of the body)

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29
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

The part of the body away from the median plane (middle of the body)

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30
Q

Which is more lateral-
The arms or the chest?

A

Arms

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31
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

The part of the body towards the back surface

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32
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

The part of the body towards the back surface

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33
Q

What is posterior also known as?

A

Dorsal

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34
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

The part of the body nearer to the feet

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35
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

The part of the body nearer to the feet

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36
Q

What is inferior also known as?

A

Caudal

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37
Q

Is the leg caudal or cranial?

A

Caudal

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38
Q

What does external mean?

A

The outer or exterior part of the body

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39
Q

What does internal mean?

A

The inner or interior part of the body

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40
Q

Between the lungs and the heart, which is more internal and external?

A

Lungs= more external
Heart= more internal

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41
Q

Between the skin and lungs, which is more internal and external?

A

Skin= more external
Lungs=more internal

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42
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

The part of the body that’s closer to the surface of the body

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43
Q

What does deep mean?

A

The part of the body that’s closer to the middle of the body (the interior center)

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44
Q

Between the lungs and heart, which is more superficial?

A

The lungs

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45
Q

What does palmar mean?

A

The palm (or anterior surface) of the hand

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46
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

The back of the hand or foot

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47
Q

What is the scapula?

A

The shoulder blades

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48
Q

What is the scapula?

A

The shoulder blades

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49
Q

What does abduction mean?

A

When you bring the limb away from the trunk

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50
Q

What does adduction mean?

A

When you bring a limb towards the trunk

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51
Q

What does medial rotation mean?

A

When you rotate your arm towards your body

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52
Q

What does lateral bending mean?

A

When you bend to one side

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53
Q

What does lateral bending mean?

A

When you bend to one side

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54
Q

What does protrusion mean?

A

When your jaw moves out

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55
Q

What does retrusion mean?

A

When the jaw moves in

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56
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

When your foot is lifted

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57
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

When your foot extends downwards

58
Q

What are protrusion and retrusion movements useful for?

A

Teeth x-rays

59
Q

What does inversion mean?

A

The movement of a limb towards the middle of the body

60
Q

What does eversion mean?

A

The movement of a limb away from the middle of the body

61
Q

What does flexion mean?

A

When you flex a limb

62
Q

What does retraction mean?

A

When your scapula is flexed

63
Q

What does protraction mean?

A

When your scapulas are relaxed

64
Q

Between retraction and protraction, which is more desired for a chest x-ray image?

A

Protraction

65
Q

What is depression?

A

When you relax the scapulas so the shoulders remain down

66
Q

What is elevation?

A

When you tighten the scapulas, so the shoulders raise

67
Q

What type of x-ray would depression be the most useful for?

A

Neck x-rays

68
Q

What makes up the cranial cavity?
(2)

A

Brain
Pituitary gland

69
Q

What is the dorsal body cavity?

A

The cavity that sits at the back

70
Q

What is the vertebral cavity made up of?
(2)

A

Vertebrae
Spinal cord

71
Q

What makes up the thoracic cavity?
(3)

A

Superior mediastinum
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

72
Q

What makes up the abdominal cavity?
(4)

A

Intestines
Pancreas
Liver
Kidney

73
Q

What makes up the pelvic cavity?
(2)

A

Prostate
Pelvis

74
Q

What is found between the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity?
(3)

A

Oesophagus
Thymus
Trachea

75
Q

What is found at the right lower quadrant of the abdomino-pelvic cavity?

A

Appendix

76
Q

Why is the right lower quadrant more important than the left lower quadrant in the abdomino-pelvic cavity?

A

Because the right lower quadrant contains the appendix

77
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system also known as?

A

Locomotor system

78
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system include?
(6)

A

Bones
Cartilage
Muscles
Ligaments
Tendons
Connective tissues

79
Q

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

A

Gas exchange

80
Q

What does the respiratory system include?
(10)

A

Mouth
Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Lungs
Diaphragm
Pleura

81
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Spaces in the skull filled with air

82
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The voice box

83
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A muscular tube in the middle of the neck that helps with breathing and digesting food

84
Q

What is the pleura?

A

The lining of the thoracic cavity

85
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

It absorbs nutrient products from food into the bloodstream

86
Q

What does the digestive system include?
(8)

A

Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small bowel (intestine)
Large bowel (intestine)
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver

87
Q

What is an intestine also known as?

A

A bowel

88
Q

What is the largest organ?

A

The skin

89
Q

What is the 2nd largest organ?

A

The small bowel (intestine)

90
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A

It cleans waste products from the body

91
Q

What does the urinary system include?
(4)

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

92
Q

What does the female reproductive system include?
(4)

A

Vagina
Uterus
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes

93
Q

What does the male reproductive system include?
(5)

A

Penis
Scrotum
Testicles
Epididymis
Prostate gland

94
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A network of glands

95
Q

What does the endocrine system include? (10)

A

Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testicles

96
Q

What does the cardiovascular system include?
(3)

A

Heart
Blood vessels (arteries, veins, etc)
Blood

97
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous systems?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

98
Q

What does the central nervous system include?
(2)

A

Brain
Spinal cord

99
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include?
(2)

A

Nerves
Plexus

100
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

A system about the skin

101
Q

What does the integumentary system include?
(4)

A

Skin and its layers
Glands
Hair
Nails

102
Q

Why is it useful to know about the integumentary system?
(2)

A

The skin is the first point of contact with radiation

Skin and nails allows us to detect/tell if cancer has spread around the body, e.g. melanoma

103
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

It filters blood

104
Q

What does the lymphatic system include?
(9)

A

Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Adenoids
Bone marrow
Appendix

105
Q

What do the lymph nodes do when fighting a pathogen?

A

They enflame

106
Q

Which 2 parts of the lymphatic system filter the entrance of the body?

A

Tonsils
Adenoids

107
Q

Where do red blood cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

108
Q

Which part of the lymphatic system contains more lymphatic tissue than the bowels?

A

Appendix

109
Q

Which 2 anatomical terms are the limbs most likely to be?

A

Proximal
Distal

110
Q

Which 2 anatomical terms are the limbs most likely to be?

A

Proximal
Distal

111
Q

What is the longitudinal axis?

A

The invisible line that runs from the top-bottom of the body

112
Q

Who needs/ is involved in imaging?
(4)

A

Patients
Doctors/consultants
Nurses/physiotherapists
Police/Home office

113
Q

Why do patients need imaging?
(3)

A

For injury
Illness
Diagnosis

114
Q

Why are doctors/consultants involved in imaging?
(3)

A

To create a treatment plan for patients

To provide the images and diagnoses for investigations

For medico-legal reasons, e.g. to help the police investigate drug smuggling by providing images from stomach x-rays

115
Q

Why are nurses/physiotherapists involved in imaging?

A

To carry out the treatment plan for patients

116
Q

Why are the police/home office involved in imaging?

A

To conduct forensic investigations (images from the dead)

117
Q

How do we standardised imaging?
(3)

A

We have a common ground for all healthcare professionals

We have standard positions for imaging

We have standard terminology

118
Q

Which position are all x-rays based on?

A

Standard anatomical position

119
Q

How are patients imaged?

A

They have 2 views of limbs at 90 degrees to each other

120
Q

What are local departmental protocols?
Why are they done?

A

They’re forms about positioning, dosage and what images should look like

They’re done so that the radiographer is clear on their role and what to expect

121
Q

What does cephalic mean?

A

Towards the head

122
Q

What is cephalic also known as?
(2)

A

Cranial
Superior

123
Q

Why is the terminology like anterior, posterior, superior, caudal, etc… important?

A

They’re important because they relate to the direction of the x-ray beam. E.G. the beam may go from anterior to posterior (AP), or go from posterior to anterior (PA)

124
Q

What does supination mean?

A

It’s when the patient is made to lie on their back during an x-ray, facing upwards

125
Q

What does pronation mean?

A

It’s when the patient is made to lie on their front, facing downwards

126
Q

What does pronation mean?

A

It’s when the patient is made to lie on their front, facing downwards

127
Q

What does the anatomical position look like?

A
128
Q

How does the axial/transverse plane look like?

A
129
Q

What does the coronal plane look like?

A
130
Q

What does the saggital plane look like?

A
131
Q

What does the saggital plane look like?

A
132
Q

How does the positioning look of medial, lateral, proximal, posterior, etc… look?

A
133
Q

How does abduction and abduction look like?

A
134
Q

How does medial and lateral rotation look like?

A
135
Q

How does protraction and retraction look like?

A
136
Q

What does depression and elevation look like?

A
137
Q

What does protrusion and retrusion look like?

A
138
Q

What does protrusion and retrusion look like?

A
139
Q

How does plantar and dorsi flexion look like?

A
140
Q

What are all the abdominopelvic regions?

A
141
Q

What are all the abdominopelvic quadrants?

A

Radiographic anatomy, physiology and pathology (12 decks)

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